{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:21:30Z","timestamp":1783441290388,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines user responses to an AI travel assistant in a cross-border tourism service system. Moving beyond adoption-centered technology acceptance research, it conceptualizes these responses as a staged appraisal process in which social and experiential cues shape performance expectancy and effort expectancy, which then influence attitude and two behavioral outcomes: users\u2019 willingness to accept AI and objections to AI. Cosmopolitanism is introduced as an individual-level boundary condition. Survey data were collected from 499 Chinese tourists holding valid South Korean tourist visas after they evaluated Visit Seoul AI, an official AI-based travel-planning tool. The hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that social influence, hedonic motivation, and perceived anthropomorphism significantly affect performance expectancy and effort expectancy, which in turn shape attitude. Attitude increases usersf\u2019 willingness to accept AI and reduces objections to AI, with a stronger effect on users\u2019 willingness to accept AI. Cosmopolitanism strengthens the negative effect of hedonic motivation on effort expectancy. This study extends AIDUA to cross-border AI service systems and shows that users may both accept and object to AI travel assistants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14070730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:02:56Z","timestamp":1783436576000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Responses to an AI Travel Assistant in Cross-Border Tourism: Willingness, Objections, and Cosmopolitanism in a Socio-Technical Service System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5405-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Business Graduate School, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Business Graduate School, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Business Graduate School, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2024.105027","article-title":"Encountering robots: Customers\u2019 autonomous behaviors in tourism services","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tour. 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