{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:12:42Z","timestamp":1783660362952,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we introduce SPADE, a framework engineered for building Digital Twins through Multi-Agent Systems. The architecture is inherently scalable and distributed, aligning perfectly with the demands of modern Digital Twin environments. We implement the Agents and Artifacts meta-model via the SPADE Artifacts extension, which serves as a structured interface connecting autonomous agents with their physical system counterparts. To demonstrate the framework\u2019s efficacy, we detail a case study involving urban traffic management in Valencia, Spain. In this implementation, we model 386 street segments as individual agents responsible for managing traffic flows and coordinating redistribution efforts. The research delineates a MAS-based communication strategy spanning the entire network and introduces a consensus algorithm specifically designed to manage traffic rerouting when a street is closed. Finally, we present results from a series of experimental trials and evaluate the system\u2019s broader potential. By synthesizing diverse data sources and providing an interactive dashboard for visualizing network conditions, this work demonstrates how SPADE can serve as a robust foundation for Digital Twin development, illustrating its potential for real-world urban applications through a conceptual implementation grounded in open sensor data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14070779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1783349802000},"page":"779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing Digital Twins with SPADE for Autonomous Traffic Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7111-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aar\u00f3n","family":"Raya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (VRAIN), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5131-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel Soler","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (VRAIN), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Palanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (VRAIN), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2743-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Juli\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (VRAIN), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Valencian Graduate School and Research Network for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6507-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente J.","family":"Botti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (VRAIN), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Valencian Graduate School and Research Network for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-023-02278-y","article-title":"Systematic comparison of software agents and Digital Twins: Differences, similarities, and synergies in industrial production","volume":"36","author":"Reinpold","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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