{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:46:47Z","timestamp":1785433607443,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42171254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["42171254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171254"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a crucial nature-based climate change solution, the realization of blue carbon\u2019s value is primarily impeded by three interrelated obstacles in developing nations: a weak scientific foundation, fragmented market structures across different levels, and the absence of dedicated institutional frameworks. This study focuses on the institutional bottlenecks hindering the marketization of blue carbon in developing countries. By integrating Complex Adaptive Systems (CASs), Coase\u2019s Theory of Property Rights, and the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, we constructed a theoretical framework encompassing five dimensions: transaction objects, transaction participants, transaction markets, transaction rules, and benefit distributions. This framework was validated through an empirical analysis of the blue carbon practice in Ningbo, China. The research identified three critical stages in Ningbo\u2019s governance trajectory: initial founding, synergistic stagnation, and iterative upgrading. The core determinant of governance success or failure lies in the capacity to continuously optimize this five-dimensional rule system through a combination of \u201ctop-down regulation\u201d and \u201cbottom-up innovation\u201d, thereby reducing transaction costs and generating effective incentives. The findings indicate that successful blue carbon governance depends on establishing a rule system that is both locally adaptive and dynamically adjustable. The analytical framework proposed in this study offers a systematic new perspective for developing countries to remedy institutional gaps in blue carbon governance. By demonstrating China\u2019s locally adapted innovations in resource rights delineation and value realization, it also promotes greater inclusiveness and diversity within the global blue carbon standard system, contributing a governance approach from the Global South that is applicable to countries at varying stages of development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14070803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:17:51Z","timestamp":1783606671000},"page":"803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Institutionalizing Blue Carbon Markets: Lessons from China and Implications for Developing Countries Through Complex Adaptive Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhongguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Management, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Management, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Management, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Management, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02609-0","article-title":"Exposure to the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 \u00b0C Global Warming Is Linked to Perceived Threat and Increased Concern about Climate Change","volume":"158","author":"Ogunbode","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. 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