{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:26:53Z","timestamp":1776274013731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work addresses the spread of a disease within an urban system, de\ufb01nedas a network of interconnected cities. The \ufb01rst step consists of comparing two differentapproaches: a macroscopic one, based on a system of coupled Ordinary DifferentialEquations (ODE) Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) systems exploiting populations onnodes and \ufb02ows on edges (so-called metapopulational model), and a hybrid one, couplingODE SIR systems on nodes and agents traveling on edges. Under homogeneous conditions(mean \ufb01eld approximation), this comparison leads to similar results on the outputs on whichwe focus (the maximum intensity of the epidemic, its duration and the time of the epidemicpeak). However, when it comes to setting up epidemic control strategies, results rapidlydiverge between the two approaches, and it appears that the full macroscopic model is notcompletely adapted to these questions. In this paper, we focus on some control strategies,which are quarantine, avoidance and risk culture, to explore the differences, advantages anddisadvantages of the two models and discuss the importance of being hybrid when modelingand simulating epidemic spread at the level of a whole urban system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems3040309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T01:57:02Z","timestamp":1448330222000},"page":"309-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Importance of Being Hybrid for Spatial Epidemic Models:A Multi-Scale Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3942-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Banos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 8504 G\u00e9ographie-cit\u00e9s, CNRS, Universities of Paris 1 and Paris 7, Paris 75006, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Corson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMAH, University of Le Havre, Le Havre 76600, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Gaudou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5505 IRIT, CNRS, University of Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse 31000, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Laperri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7300 ESPACE, CNRS, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, Avignon University, Aix Marseille University, Nice 06204, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Coyrehourcq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 6266 IDEES, CNRS, University of Rouen, Rouen 76000, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hanski, I., and Gilpin, M.E. (1997). MetaPopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control","volume":"15","author":"Levins","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Soc. 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