{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:11:04Z","timestamp":1760242264557,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complexity in mainstream economics consists in high intermediary consumption of mathematics. A new approach to complexity economics dwells upon path-dependent global systems; their emergence and evolving organisation. The focus here is on the complexity of the real economic world due to globalisation. On-line betting related match-fixing is a case in point about which the article presents non-exhaustive empirical evidence and shows how it is analysed with the standard model of the economics of crime. There is no room for complexity in such an individualistic approach to corrupt behaviour applied to bet-related fixes. A more complex model is sketched based on interactions between a global (though underground) market for fixes and the actual partly legal, partly illegal global sport betting market. These interactions exhibit how complex is the issue of combating betting-related match fixing. Reviewing those major policies envisaged for containing the latter\u2014prohibition; sanctions; regulation; privatisation (betting rights)\u2014the article opts for a global \u2018Sportbettobin\u2019 tax on sport betting gains; in the same vein as the famous Tobin tax on international capital transfers. The novelty in this approach is a variable (increasing) rate applied to increasing tranches of taxation (gains) which should dry up the worst cases of on-line bettingrelated match fixing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems5010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Complexity Triggered by Economic Globalisation\u2014 The Issue of On-Line Betting-Related Match Fixing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Wladimir","family":"Andreff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris 1 Panth\u00e9on Sorbonne, Observatory of the sports economy at the (French) Ministry of Sports, International Association of Sports Economists and of the European Sports Economics Association, 61 chemin du Pouget, L\u00e9dignan 30350, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/1061-7361(92)90024-8","article-title":"From the Concept of System to the Paradigm of Complexity","volume":"15","author":"Morin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Soc. Evolut. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05382-180301","article-title":"Complexity, Modelling, and Natural Resource Management","volume":"18","author":"Cilliers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dolphin, T., and Nash, D. (2012). Complex New World: Translating New Economic Thinking into Public Policy, IPPR."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"29","article-title":"Complexity Modelling in Economics: The State of the Art","volume":"5","author":"Bruno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Thought"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Horgan, J. (1997). The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, Broadway Books."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.7564\/12-COEC2","article-title":"Reconstructing Economics: Agent-based Models and Complexity","volume":"1","author":"Gallegati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complex. Econom."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Andreff, W. (1996). Facteurs Inertiels et effet de Sentier (\u201cPath Dependency\u201d) dans L\u2019analyse Th\u00e9orique de la Transition, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Empresariales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Andreff, W. (1998). L'\u00e9conomie, une Science pour L'homme et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9. M\u00e9langes en l'honneur d'Henri Bartoli, Publications de la Sorbonne. (In French)."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Andreff, W. (1998). Cahiers de la Recherche de l'ESSCA, ESSCA. (In French)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Levin, S.A. (1999). Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons, Perseus Books."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreff, W. (2015). Disequilibrium Sports Economics: Competitive Imbalance and Budget Constraints, Edward Elgar.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781783479368.00005"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Beinhocker, E. (2006). The Origins of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics, Harvard Business Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirman, A. (2011). Complex Economics: Individual and Collective Rationality, The Graz Schumpeter Lectures, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1109\/BWSS.2012.24"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Tikhomirov, V. (1999). Anatomy of the 1998 Russian Crisis, Contemporary Europe Research Centre, The University of Melbourne."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreff, W. (2003). Les multinationales globales, La D\u00e9couverte. [2nd ed.]. (In French).","DOI":"10.3917\/dec.andre.2003.01"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalet, C.-A. (1997). Strategies of Multinationals and Competition for Foreign Direct Investment, World Bank, FIAS. Occasional Paper 10.","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-4161-8"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crisis as Unexpected Transition \u2026 to a Greed-Based Economic System","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Zarembka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contradictions: Finance, Greed, Labor Unequally Paid, Research in Political Economy"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"156","article-title":"\u00abSay It Ain\u2019t So\u00bb: Betting-Related Malpractice in Sport","volume":"3","author":"Forrest","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Financ."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"CERT-LEXSI (2006). Cybercriminalit\u00e9 des Jeux en Ligne, Livre Blanc du CERT-LEXSI (Laboratoire d\u2019Expertise en S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Informatique)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Sorbonne-ICSS (2014). Fighting Against Manipulation of Sports Competitions, University of Paris 1. Report of the Chair Sorbonne-ICSS on Sport Ethics and Integrity."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"IRIS (2012). Paris Sportifs et Corruption. Comment Pr\u00e9server L\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du Sport, Armand Colin. (In French)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, P., Humphreys, B.R., and Simmons, R. (2017). The Economics of Sports Betting, Edward Elgar.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781785364556"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSMS-11-03-2010-B005","article-title":"A Critical Mass of Corruption: Why Some Football Leagues Have More Match Fixing than Others","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Market. Sponsorship"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hill, D. (2008). The Fix: Soccer and Organized Crime, McClelland & Stewart."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/16184740903332018","article-title":"How Gambling Corruptors Fix Football Matches","volume":"9","author":"Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Sport Manag. Q."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietl, H.M., and Weing\u00e4rtner, C. (2012). Betting Scandals and Attenuated Property Rights\u2014How Betting Related Match Fixing Can Be Prevented in Future, Institute for Strategy and Business Economics, University of Zurich. Working Paper n\u00b0 154.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2483058"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1086\/259394","article-title":"Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach","volume":"76","author":"Becker","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.10.1.43","article-title":"Crime, Punishment and the Market for Offenses","volume":"10","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreff, W., and Szymanski, S. (2006). Handbook on the Economics of Sport, Edward Elgar.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781847204073"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/16184740500188821","article-title":"Corruption in International Sports and Sport Management: Forms, Tendencies, Extent and Countermeasures","volume":"5","author":"Maennig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Sport Manag. Q."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/19.4.598","article-title":"Sport and Gambling","volume":"19","author":"Forrest","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"99","article-title":"The Threat to Football from Betting-Related Corruption","volume":"7","author":"Forrest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Finance"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"30","article-title":"Incentives to avoid match-fixing","volume":"1","author":"Forrest","year":"2013","journal-title":"ICSS J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreff, W., and Szymanski, S. (2006). Handbook on the Economics of Sport, Edward Elgar.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781847204073"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"AGA (2012). Sport Wagering Fact Sheet, American Gaming Association."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Forrest, D., and Parry, R. (2016). The Key to Sports Integrity in the United States: Legalized, Regulated Sports Betting, American Gaming Association."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"UNODC & IOC (2013). Criminalization Approaches to Combat Match-Fixing and Illegal\/Irregular Betting: A Global Perspective, United Nations Office and Drugs and Crime & International Olympic Committee."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Rodriguez, P., K\u00e9senne, S., and Garcia, J. (2008). Threats to Sports and Sports Participation, Ediciones de la Universidad de Oviedo."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/466560","article-title":"The Problem of Social Cost","volume":"3","author":"Coase","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Law Econ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/1527002506297021","article-title":"French Football: A Financial Crisis Rooted in Weak Governance","volume":"8","author":"Andreff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Econ."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Oleynik, A. (2005). The Institutional Economics of Russia\u2019s Transformation, Ashgate."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"153","article-title":"A Proposal for International Monetary Reform","volume":"4","author":"Tobin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eastern Econ. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/16184740108721902","article-title":"The Correlation between Economic Underdevelopment and Sport","volume":"1","author":"Andreff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Sport Manag. Q."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Fort, R., and Fizel, J. (2004). International Sports Economics Comparisons, Praeger."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguire, J., and Falcous, M. (2010). Handbook on Sport and Migration, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203877319"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byers, T. (2016). Contemporary Issues in Sport Management: A Critical Introduction, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473919761"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/5\/1\/12\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:09Z","timestamp":1760207289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/5\/1\/12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems5010012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems5010012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]}}}