{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:13:34Z","timestamp":1760242414767,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A critical challenge for managerial effectiveness and competitive advantage in research and development (R and D) organizations is developing an appropriate structural configuration. However, in finding an appropriate structural configuration, R and D managers are faced with unprecedented levels of uncertainty, ambiguity, and accelerating complexity, coupled with demands for increased productivity. This paper develops a systems-based framework to support rigorous design, analysis, and transformation of the structure for R and D organizations. The framework development includes: (1) a review of the literature for the nature and role of the structure in R and D management; (2) setting of the R and D structure problem from a systems perspective; (3) establishing a systems view of R and D structure; (4) articulation of a systems-based framework for R and D structure drawing on management cybernetics and systems theory; and (5) an application of the framework to design the structure for a multidisciplinary R and D center. The paper concludes with implications and utility of the framework for practicing R and D managers challenged with structuring an R and D organization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems5030044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T10:40:04Z","timestamp":1498732804000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Systems-Based Framework for Design and Analysis of an R and D Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2213-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polinpapilinho","family":"Katina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centers for System of Systems Engineering, Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Keating","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centers for System of Systems Engineering, Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Magpili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Daft, R.L. 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