{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:31:49Z","timestamp":1772253109910,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,3]],"date-time":"2018-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To remain competitive in the current market, an enterprise must differentiate itself based on higher value propositions. For this purpose, since improving the product or service performance can reach some limits, one potential solution is to move towards new combinations of products and services. This evolution, called servitization, leads to the generation of Product Service Systems (PSS). Servitization requires not only a clear understanding of enterprise core business, but also a clear vision of the prevailing trends and challenges of PSS development from both the business and technological points of view. In addition, the evolution path should be aligned with the enterprise strategy. This paper first highlights the notion of symbiotic PSS where product systems and service systems, and their stakeholders, interoperate seamlessly based on a win-win approach. Then, it proposes a PSS Conceptual Framework (PSS-CF), which can be applied in the early stages of servitization to increase the understating of PSS dimensions and to facilitate the prioritization of the servitization investments. The framework dimensions were discussed in several iterations, from both the academic and industrial points of view, in the frame of a European research project. Moreover, the applicability of the framework was studied in four different industrial use-cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems6020020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T09:15:08Z","timestamp":1528103708000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Conceptual Framework for Product Service Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9204-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Pirayesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INTEROP-VLab, c\/o Bureau Aquitaine Europe, 21 rue Montoyer, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Doumeingts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INTEROP-VLab, c\/o Bureau Aquitaine Europe, 21 rue Montoyer, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory IMS CNRS Production Engineering Group, 351 Cours de la Lib\u00e9ration, 33405 Talence, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Seregni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Via Lambruschini 4\/b, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Gusmeroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Via Lambruschini 4\/b, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Westphal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIBA, Bremer Institut f\u00fcr Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Hochschulring 20, D-28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0408-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovalia Association, C\/Rodriguez Arias 6 Dpto.605, 48008 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FTI Engineering Network GmbH, Schmiedestrasse 2, 15745 Wildau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez Ari\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDIMME Meta-Processing, Furniture, Wood and Packaging Technology Institute, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico, C\/Benjam\u00edn Franklin, 13, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Canepa Eugenio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fratelli Piacenza S.P.A., Regione CISI, 13814 Pollone, Biella, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andoni","family":"Laskurain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neco, C\/Ortuburu s\/n B\u00b0 Urkizuaran, 48230 Elorrio, Bizkaia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Burlton, R.T. 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