{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T20:16:38Z","timestamp":1783368998773,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The limitations of model-based support for engineering complex systems include limited capability to develop multifaceted models as well as their analysis with robust reliable simulation engines. Lack of such Modeling and Simulation (M&amp;S) infrastructure leads to knowledge gaps in engineering such complex systems and these gaps appear as epistemological emergent behaviors. In response, an initiative is underway to bring Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) closer together with model-based simulation developments. M&amp;S represents a core capability and is needed to address today\u2019s complex, adaptive, systems of systems engineering challenges. This paper considers the problems raised by MBSE taken as a modeling activity without the support of full strength integrated simulation capability and the potential for, and possible forms of, closer integration between the two streams. An example of a system engineering application, an unmanned vehicle fleet providing emergency ambulance service, is examined as an application of the kind of multifaceted M&amp;S methodology required to effectively deal with such systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems6040040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1542281567000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["MBSE with\/out Simulation: State of the Art and Way Forward"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bernard P.","family":"Zeigler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Director of the Arizona Center for Integrative Modeling and Simulation (ACIMS), University of Arizona and Chief Scientist, RTSync Corp., 6909 W. Ray Road, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MITRE Corporation, 7515 Colshire Dr., McLean, VA 22102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9464-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamadou Kaba","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wymore, A.W. (1993). Model-Based Systems Engineering, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wymore, A.W. (1967). A Mathematical Theory of Systems Engineering: The Elements, Krieger."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dahmann, J. (2018). 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