{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:12:18Z","timestamp":1787029938340,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ERASMUS+ Strategic Partnership in Higher Education","award":["2018-1-UK01-KA203-048215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-1-UK01-KA203-048215"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immersive experiential technologies find fertile grounds to grow and support healthcare education. Virtual, Augmented, or Mixed reality (VR\/AR\/MR) have proven to be impactful in both the educational and the affective state of the healthcare student\u2019s increasing engagement. However, there is a lack of guidance for healthcare stakeholders on developing and integrating virtual reality resources into healthcare training. Thus, the authors applied Bardach\u2019s Eightfold Policy Analysis Framework to critically evaluate existing protocols to determine if they are inconsistent, ineffective, or result in uncertain outcomes, following systematic pathways from concepts to decision-making. Co-creative VR resource development resulted as the preferred method. Best practices for co-creating VR Reusable e-Resources identified co-creation as an effective pathway to the prolific use of immersive media in healthcare education. Co-creation should be considered in conjunction with a training framework to enhance educational quality. Iterative cycles engaging all stakeholders enhance educational quality, while co-creation is central to the quality assurance process both for technical and topical fidelity, and tailoring resources to learners\u2019 needs. Co-creation itself is seen as a bespoke learning modality. This paper provides the first body of evidence for co-creative VR resource development as a valid and strengthening method for healthcare immersive content development. Despite prior research supporting co-creation in immersive resource development, there were no established guidelines for best practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds2010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T06:48:35Z","timestamp":1679294915000},"page":"75-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Eliciting Co-Creation Best Practices of Virtual Reality Reusable e-Resources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2650-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis E.","family":"Antoniou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Digital Innovation Lab, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Pears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3593-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini C.","family":"Schiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CYENS Center of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2543-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotos","family":"Frangoudes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CYENS Center of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos S.","family":"Pattichis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CYENS Center of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus"},{"name":"eHealth Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Wharrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis D.","family":"Bamidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Digital Innovation Lab, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3680-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stathis Th.","family":"Konstantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3343","article-title":"Exploring design requirements for repurposing dental virtual patients from the web to second life: A focus group study","volume":"16","author":"Antoniou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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