{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:25:58Z","timestamp":1773192358513,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cyprus University of Technology","award":["E\u0394-DESPINA MICHAIL-300155-310200-3319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E\u0394-DESPINA MICHAIL-300155-310200-3319"]}]},{"name":"Cyprus University of Technology","award":["#76 71220 ADHPG VP211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#76 71220 ADHPG VP211"]}]},{"name":"Tamkeen NYU Abu Dhabi Funding Agency","award":["E\u0394-DESPINA MICHAIL-300155-310200-3319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E\u0394-DESPINA MICHAIL-300155-310200-3319"]}]},{"name":"Tamkeen NYU Abu Dhabi Funding Agency","award":["#76 71220 ADHPG VP211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#76 71220 ADHPG VP211"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current XR applications move beyond audiovisual information, with haptic feedback rapidly gaining ground. However, current haptic devices are still evolving and often struggle to combine key desired features in a balanced way. In this paper, we propose the development of a high-resolution haptic (HRH) system for perception enhancement, a wearable technology designed to augment extended reality (XR) experiences through precise and localized tactile feedback. The HRH system features a modular design with 58 individually addressable actuators, enabling intricate haptic interactions within a compact wearable form. Dual ESP32-S3 microcontrollers and a custom-designed system ensure robust processing and low-latency performance, crucial for real-time applications. Integration with the Unity game engine provides developers with a user-friendly and dynamic environment for accurate, simple control and customization. The modular design, utilizing a flexible PCB, supports a wide range of actuators, enhancing its versatility for various applications. A comparison of our proposed system with existing solutions indicates that the HRH system outperforms other devices by encapsulating several key features, including adjustability, affordability, modularity, and high-resolution feedback. The HRH system not only aims to advance the field of haptic feedback but also introduces an intuitive tool for exploring new methods of human\u2013computer and XR interactions. Future work will focus on refining and exploring the haptic feedback communication methods used to convey information and expand the system\u2019s applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds3040024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T09:14:03Z","timestamp":1729156443000},"page":"436-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a Modular Adjustable Wearable Haptic Device for XR Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Najm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0974-6971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domna","family":"Banakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"},{"name":"Arts and Humanities Division, Interactive Media, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despina","family":"Michael-Grigoriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sutherland, I.E. (1965, January 24\u201329). The ultimate display. Proceedings of the IFIP Congress 1965, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1145\/142413.142416","article-title":"Research directions in virtual environments","volume":"26","author":"Fuchs","year":"1992","journal-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigante, M.A. (1993). Virtual Reality: Definitions, History and Applications. 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