{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:49:57Z","timestamp":1776113397330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this narrative historical review, we take a closer look at the role of tactile\/haptic stimulation in enhancing people\u2019s immersion (and sense of presence) in a variety of entertainment experiences, including virtual reality (VR). An important distinction is highlighted between those situations in which digital tactile stimulation and\/or haptic feedback are delivered to those (i.e., users\/audience members) who passively experience the stimulation and those cases, including VR, where the user actively controls some aspects of the tactile stimulation\/haptic feedback that they happen to be experiencing. A further distinction is drawn between visual and\/or auditory VR, where some form of tactile\/haptic stimulation is added, and what might be classed as genuinely haptic VR, where the active user\/player experiences tactile\/haptic stimulation that is effortlessly interpreted in terms of the objects and actions in the virtual world. We review the experimental evidence that has assessed the impact of adding a tactile\/haptic element to entertainment experiences, including those in VR. Finally, we highlight some of the key challenges to the growth of haptic VR in the context of multisensory entertainment experiences: these include those of a technical, financial, psychological (namely, the fact that tactile\/haptic stimulation often needs to be interpreted and can reduce the sense of immersion in many situations), psycho-physiological (such as sensory overload or fatigue), physiological (e.g., relating to the large surface area of the skin that can potentially be stimulated), and creative\/artistic nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds4010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T06:42:15Z","timestamp":1736750535000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Enhancing Presence, Immersion, and Interaction in Multisensory Experiences Through Touch and Haptic Feedback"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9849-9147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, New Radcliffe House, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-072X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, New Radcliffe House, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burdea, G.C., and Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual Reality Technology, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322955950"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"Fundamental components of the gameplay experience","volume":"6","author":"Ermi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digarec. Ser."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x","article-title":"Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence","volume":"42","author":"Steuer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Gao, Y., and Spence, C. (i-Perception, 2024). What role does touch play in active entertainment? Tactile experience in the context of gaming, i-Perception, submitted."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20416695241280715","article-title":"Enhancing public entertainment with touch: Possibilities and pitfalls","volume":"15","author":"Spence","year":"2024","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20416695241281474","article-title":"Augmenting home entertainment with digitally-delivered touch","volume":"15","author":"Spence","year":"2024","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Constantin, C., and Grigorovici, D. (2003, January 6\u20138). Virtual environments and the sense of being there: An SEM model of presence. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Workshop on Presence, Aalborg, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallace, A., and Spence, C. (2014). Touch with the Future: The Sense of Touch from Cognitive Neuroscience to Virtual Reality, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199644469.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1179\/2047480615Z.000000000329","article-title":"Writing narrative style literature reviews","volume":"24","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Writ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furley, P., and Goldschmied, N. (2021). Systematic vs. narrative reviews in sport and exercise psychology: Is either approach superior to the other?. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.685082"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghinea, G., Andres, F., and Gulliver, S. (2012). Multisensory presence in virtual reality: Possibilities & limitations. Multiple Sensorial Media Advances and Applications: New Developments in MulSeMedia, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60960-821-7"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2021.100483","article-title":"Making sense of digitally remediated touch in virtual reality experiences","volume":"41","author":"Jewitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discourse Context Media"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Pathan, A.S.K. (2023). Tactile virtual reality. Emerging ICT Technologies and Cybersecurity: From AI and ML to Other Futuristic Technologies, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287-024-00089-8","article-title":"Wearable haptics for virtual reality and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Frisoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21436","article-title":"From \u201ctouch\u201d to a \u201cmultisensory\u201d experience: The impact of technology interface and product type on consumer responses","volume":"38","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutmacher, F. (2019). Why is there so much more research on vision than on any other sensory modality?. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02246"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Schmidt, R.F., and Thews, G. (1984). The nervous system in the context of information theory. Human Physiology, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/08990229970375","article-title":"Passive, active and intra-active (self) touch","volume":"16","author":"Bolanowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieland, M., Sedlmair, M., and Machulla, T.-K. (2023). VR, Gaze, and visual impairment: An exploratory study of the perception of eye contact across different sensory modalities for people with visual impairments in virtual reality. Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201823), Hamburg, Germany, 23\u201328 April 2023, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585726"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600589887","article-title":"The differential effect of vibrotactile and auditory cues on visual spatial attention","volume":"49","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.2.123","article-title":"The neuropsychology of 3-D space","volume":"124","author":"Previc","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.08.003","article-title":"Multisensory contributions to affective touch","volume":"43","author":"Spence","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ho, C., and Spence, C. (2008). The Multisensory Driver: Implications for Ergonomic Car Interface Design, Ashgate Publishing."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Steele, A. (2024, September 12). Immersion in Gaming and Entertainment: Creating Engaging Virtual Worlds. Available online: https:\/\/medium.com\/@amysteele1999\/immersion-in-gaming-and-entertainment-creating-engaging-virtual-worlds-1ad55e908805."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m, I., Kilteni, K., and Slater, M. (2016). First-person perspective virtual body posture influences stress: A virtual reality body ownership study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148060"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Robson, M. (2024, December 11). Earthquake; Universal Pictures: 1974. Available online: https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0071455\/."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3846","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3846","article-title":"Sensory determinants of the autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR): Understanding the triggers","volume":"5","author":"Barratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Montagu, A. (1971). Touching: The Human Significance of the Skin, Columbia University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Dennett, D.C. (1991). Consciousness Explained, Little & Brown."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.03.001","article-title":"Spatial patterns in tactile perception: Is there a tactile field?","volume":"137","author":"Haggard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale, K.S., and Stanney, K.M. (2014). Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b17360"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felip, F., Gal\u00e1n, J., Contero, M., and Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, C. (2023). Touch matters: The impact of physical contact on haptic product perception in virtual reality. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042649"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01408703","article-title":"Physically touching and tasting virtual objects enhances the realism of virtual experiences","volume":"3","author":"Hoffman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., and Liu, Q. (2022, January 12\u201316). Touch the history in virtuality: Combine passive haptic with 360 videos in history learning. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), Christchurch, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW55335.2022.00263"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-009-0014-8","article-title":"Feeling what you hear: Task-irrelevant sounds modulates tactile perception delivered via a touch screen","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Multisens. User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton, T.R., and Spence, C. (2020). The influence of auditory cues on bodily and movement perception. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03001"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spence, C., and Driver, J. (2004). Crossmodal Space and Crossmodal Attention, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524861.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/cjep2007021","article-title":"Recent developments in the study of tactile attention","volume":"61","author":"Spence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206045","article-title":"Cross-modal links in exogenous covert spatial orienting between touch, audition, and vision","volume":"60","author":"Spence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, J., and Kim, G.J. (2004, January 10\u201312). Using a vibro-tactile display for enhanced collision perception and presence. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/1077534.1077551"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2021.10.010","article-title":"An integrative view of foveated rendering","volume":"102","author":"Mohanto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Pessoa, L., and De Weerd, P. (2003). Filling-In: From Perceptual Completion to Cortical Reorganization, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98001757","article-title":"Finding out about filling-in: A guide to perceptual completion for visual science and the philosophy of perception","volume":"21","author":"Pessoa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193847","article-title":"The failure to detect tactile change: A tactile analog of visual change blindness","volume":"13","author":"Gallace","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.07.003","article-title":"Lost in the move? Secondary task performance impairs the detection of tactile change on the body surface","volume":"19","author":"Gallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1272-5","article-title":"When vision \u2018extinguishes\u2019 touch in neurologically-normal people: Extending the Colavita visual dominance effect","volume":"186","author":"Gallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2158371","article-title":"The effect of audio on the experience in virtual reality: A scoping review","volume":"43","author":"Buruk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skarbez, R., Smith, M., and Whitton, M.C. (2021). Revisiting Milgram and Kishino\u2019s reality-virtuality continuum. Front. Virtual Real., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.647997"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Kumar, L.V.M. (2021, January 14\u201317). Touch and explore: A VR game exploration based on haptic driven gameplay. Proceedings of the Interactive Surfaces and Spaces (ISS \u201921 Companion), Lodz, Poland."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Heilig, M. (1962). Sensorama Stimulator. (3,050,870), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Mandryk, R., and Hancock., M. (2018, January 21\u201326). Season traveller: Multisensory narration for enhancing the virtual reality experience. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Monteral, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2024, March 20). SENSIKS. Available online: https:\/\/www.sensiks.com\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraldo, G., Servi\u00e8res, M., and Moreau, G. (2022). Towards a sensitive urban wind representation in virtual reality. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11040239"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2024, September 17). Tree Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.treeofficial.com."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2024, December 11). Image from \u201cHistory of Information\u201d Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.historyofinformation.com\/image.php?id=2078."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2024, October 11). Screenshot from \u201c[CHI2018] Season Traveller: Multisensory Narration for Enhancing the Virtual Reality Experience\u201d YouTube Video. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nx0lmx-Dkts."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2024, January 09). Tree VR Project, Daniel Perlin\u2019s Portfolio. Available online: https:\/\/danielperlin.net\/project\/tree-vr."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2024, October 11). Image from \u201cTwitch Archives\u2014Fallen Planet Studios\u201d Page. Available online: http:\/\/www.fallenplanetstudios.com\/tag\/twitch\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Blenkinsopp, R. (2024, September 12). Creating Haptic Feedback in VR\u2014The Technology Behind Ultrahaptics. Available online: https:\/\/aixr.org\/insights\/creating-haptic-feedback-in-vr-the-technology-behind-ultrahaptics\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Obrist, M., Seah, S.A., and Subramanian, S. (May, January 27). Talking about tactile experiences. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Yu, P., Li, M., Yang, Y., and Liu, L. (2016, January 6\u20139). The quantitative evaluation of electrotactile stimulation mode. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Real-Time Computing and Robotics (RCAR), Angkor Wat, Cambodia.","DOI":"10.1109\/RCAR.2016.7784052"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Kajimoto, H., Kawakami, N., Maeda, T., and Tachi, S. (2004). Electro-Tactile Display with Tactile Primary Color Approach, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology University of Tokyo."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2022.3189866","article-title":"Electrotactile feedback applications for hand and arm interactions: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Kourtesis","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.07.003","article-title":"Tactile displays: Overview and recent advances","volume":"29","author":"Chouvardas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-00002452","article-title":"The skin as a medium for sensory substitution","volume":"27","author":"Spence","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multisens. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukushima, S., and Kajimoto, H. (2011, January 13\u201316). Palm touch panel: Providing touch sensation through the device. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/2076354.2076370"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Withana, A., Groeger, D., and Steimle, J. (2018, January 14\u201317). Tacttoo: A thin and feel-through tattoo for on-skin tactile output. Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3242587.3242645"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2018.2882465","article-title":"Electrotactile feedback in a virtual hand rehabilitation platform: Evaluation and implementation","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Dinh, H.Q., Walker, N., Hodges, L.F., Song, C., and Kobayashi, A. (1999, January 13\u201317). Evaluating the importance of multi-sensory input on memory and the sense of presence in virtual environments. Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 Virtual Reality (Cat. No. 99CB36316), Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, N., Devleminck, S., and Geurts, L. (2024, January 1\u20135). Tangible affect: A literature review of tangible interactive systems addressing human core affect, emotions and moods. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1145\/3643834.3661608"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Huxley, A. (1932). Brave New World, Harper Row."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Panzera, L., and Blum, C. (1998). Il Tattilismo. La futurista: Benedetta Cappa Marinetti, Goldie Paley Gallery\u2014Moore College of Art and Design. Translated in English."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.279","article-title":"El cine del futuro: The cinema of the future","volume":"1","author":"Heilig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Sutherland, I.E. (1965, January 24\u201329). The ultimate display. Proceedings of the IFIP Congress 65, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112145","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3103598","article-title":"Haptic interfaces for virtual reality: Challenges and research directions","volume":"9","author":"Wee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Eckel, G. (2001, January 25\u201327). Immersive audio-augmented environments: The LISTEN project. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Visualisation, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warp, R., Zhu, M., Kiprijanovska, I., Wiesler, J., Stafford, S., and Mavridou, I. (2022, January 17\u201321). Validating the effects of immersion and spatial audio using novel continuous biometric sensor measures for virtual reality. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct57072.2022.00058"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Massie, T.H., and Salisbury, J.K. (, January November). The phantom haptic interface: A device for probing virtual objects. Proceedings of the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00494-y","article-title":"Conceptualising touch in VR","volume":"25","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2008.2010934","article-title":"Haptic glove with MR brakes for virtual reality","volume":"14","author":"Blake","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shor, D., Eikelenboom, D., Zaaijer, B., Ahsmann, L., Immerzeel, S., Hartcher-O\u2019Brien, J., Weetzel, M., and Aschenbrenner, D. (2018, January 16\u201320). Designing haptics: Comparing two virtual reality gloves with respect to realism, performance, and comfort. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2018.00095"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alma, U.A., Romeo, P.A., and Altinsoy, M.E. (2021, January 6\u20138). Preliminary study of upper-body haptic feedback perception on cinematic experience. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 23rd International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP53017.2021.9733546"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, N., Jain, P., Tolley, D., Karwita, S., Yilei, S., and Do, E.Y.L. (2016, January 16\u201319). Ambiotherm: Simulating ambient temperatures and wind conditions in VR environments. Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/2984751.2985712"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Huxley, A. (2004). Brave New World, Vintage. New Ed Edition."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2024, October 12). Image from \u201cFred Brooks on Ivan Sutherland\u2019s 1965 \u2018Ultimate Display\u2019 Speech\u201d, Road to VR Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.roadtovr.com\/fred-brooks-ivan-sutherlands-1965-ultimate-display-speech\/."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2024, November 01). Image from Earthquake (1974) IMDb Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0071455\/?ref_=tt_mv_close."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2024, November 01). Image from Midway (1976) IMDb Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0074899\/."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2024, November 01). Image from Rollercoaster (1977) IMDb Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0076636\/."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2024, November 01). Image from Mission Galactica: The Cylon Attack (1979) IMDb Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0077937\/."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2024, November 01). Image from \u201cBattlestar Galactica Movie Poster 2\u201d, Arthipo Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/battlestar-galactica-movie-poster-2.html."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20416695211034538","article-title":"Scenting entertainment: Virtual reality storytelling, theme park rides, gambling, and video-gaming","volume":"12","author":"Spence","year":"2021","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Clark, J. (2024, September 12). Do You Feel What I Feel? The Rise of Haptic Storytelling. Available online: https:\/\/immerse.news\/do-you-feel-what-i-feel-cc1a3deda071."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2024, September 17). Mdjalhok002. Missing Tactile Feedback in Apple Vision Pro. Medium. Available online: https:\/\/medium.com\/@mdjalhok19\/missing-tactile-feedback-in-apple-vision-pro-5130473cd030."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Compsoft Creative (2024, September 17). Apple Vision Pro & Haptic Gloves\u2014Introducing Digital Touch. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=81."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s41233-023-00062-7","article-title":"Towards instrumental quality assessment of multisensory immersive experiences using a biosensor-equipped head-mounted display","volume":"8","author":"Gougeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual. User Exp."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Blunden, M. (2024, September 12). Total Recall: The \u2018Sensory Reality\u2019 Pod That Lets You Escape from Work. Available online: https:\/\/www.standard.co.uk\/news\/tech\/total-recall-the-sensory-reality-pod-that-lets-you-escape-from-work-a3770271.html."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Perret, J., and Vander Poorten, E. (2018, January 25\u201327). Touching virtual reality: A review of haptic gloves. Proceedings of the ACTUATOR 2018: 16th International Conference on New Actuators, Bremen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2087000","article-title":"Hand tracking with vibrotactile feedback enhanced presence, engagement, usability, and performance in a virtual reality rhythm game","volume":"39","author":"Moon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Birnbaum, D. (2024, September 12). Haptics and Gaming: A Future Story. Immersion. Available online: https:\/\/www.immersion.com\/haptics-and-gaming-a-future-story."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan, R.K., Banakou, D., and Slater, M. (2023). Haptic feedback in a virtual crowd scenario improves the emotional response. Front. Virtual Real., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1242587"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Krug, S. (2000). Don\u2019t Make Me Think: A Common Sense Approach to Web Usability, New Riders Publishing."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, E.A., Garlick, J., Featherstone, E., Voon, V., Singer, T., Critchley, H.D., and Harrison, N.A. (2014). You turn me cold: Evidence for temperature contagion. PloS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116126"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Sales, N.J. (2024, September 30). A Girl Was Allegedly Raped in the Metaverse. Is This the Beginning of a Dark New Future?. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2024\/jan\/05\/metaverse-sexual-assault-vr-game-online-safety-meta."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater, M., Gonzalez-Liencres, C., Haggard, P., Vinkers, C., Gregory-Clarke, R., Jelley, S., Watson, Z., Breen, G., Schwarz, R., and Steptoe, W. (2020). The ethics of realism in virtual and augmented reality. Front. Virtual Real., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.00001"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madary, M., and Metzinger, T.K. (2016). Real virtuality: A code of ethical conduct. Recommendations for Good Scientific Practice and the Consumers of VR-Technology. Front. Robot. AI, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00003"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","article-title":"How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence","volume":"19","author":"Cummings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H. A conceptual model of immersive experience in extended reality, OSF Preprints, Published Online: 13 September 2020.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/sefkh"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2024.103244","article-title":"Augmenting the feel of real objects: An analysis of haptic augmented reality","volume":"185","author":"Bhatia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."}],"container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2813-2084\/4\/1\/3\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:27:50Z","timestamp":1759919270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2813-2084\/4\/1\/3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["virtualworlds4010003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/virtualworlds4010003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2084","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]}}}