{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:30:03Z","timestamp":1764588603160,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FISM\u2014Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","award":["2021\/Special\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/Special\/003"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["2021\/Special\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/Special\/003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment and rehabilitation of upper-limb functionality are crucial for addressing motor disorders in individuals with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Traditional methods often lack the sensitivity to quantify subtle motor impairments, with cerebellar tremor diagnosis typically based on subjective visual inspections by clinicians. This study explored the feasibility of using Microsoft HoloLens2 for motion capture to assess upper-limb function in PwMS. Using the ROCKapp application, kinematic metrics such as movement quality and oculomotor coordination were recorded during pick-and-place tasks. Data from twelve healthy individuals served as benchmarks, while nine PwMS, including three with cerebellar tremor and one with ataxia, were tested to evaluate the tool\u2019s diagnostic potential. Clustering algorithms applied to the kinematic data classified participants into distinct groups, showing that PwMS without cerebellar symptoms sometimes displayed behavior similar to healthy controls. However, those with cerebellar conditions, like tremor and ataxia, were more easily differentiated. While the HoloLens2 shows promise in detecting motor impairments, further refinement is required to improve sensitivity for those without overt cerebellar symptoms. Despite these challenges, this approach offers potential for personalized rehabilitation, providing detailed feedback that could improve interventions and enhance quality of life for PwMS. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of mixed-reality tools to refine diagnostic accuracy, suggesting future studies to validate their integration in clinical rehabilitation programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds4010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T05:40:46Z","timestamp":1738215646000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Pilot Study on Mixed-Reality Approaches for Detecting Upper-Limb Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights on Cerebellar Tremor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Etty","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PDIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Moschetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PDIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lucaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehab Technologies Lab, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 16163 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7116-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacinto","family":"Barresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK"},{"name":"Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Ferraresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PDIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9327-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Podda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM), 16126 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5114-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Grange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM), 16126 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2026-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Brichetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM), 16126 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bucchieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Loria, 54600 Villers-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis review","volume":"37","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. 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