{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T21:30:04Z","timestamp":1773178204617,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging virtual reality (VR) technologies provide objective and immersive methods for assessing cognitive\u2013motor function, particularly in elite sport. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of VR-based cognitive\u2013motor assessments in a large sample of elite male athletes (n = 829). Ten cognitive\u2013motor tests, delivered via Oculus Quest 2 headsets, were used, covering four domains: Balance and Gait (BG), Decision-Making (DM), Manual Dexterity (MD), and Memory (ME). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to establish a four-factor model and generate data-driven weights for domain-specific composite scores. The results demonstrated that the composite scores for BG, MD, ME, and a Global Cognitive\u2013Motor (CM) score were all normally distributed. However, the DM score significantly deviated from normality, exhibiting a pronounced ceiling effect. Test\u2013retest reliability was high across all cognitive\u2013motor domains. In summary, VR assessments offer ecologically valid and precise measurements of cognitive\u2013motor abilities by capitalising on high-fidelity motion tracking and standardised test delivery. In particular, the Global CM Score offers a robust metric for parametric analyses. While future work should address the DM ceiling effect and validate these tools in diverse populations, this approach holds significant potential for enhancing the precision and sensitivity of psychological and clinical assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds4040046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing Cognitive\u2013Motor Assessment: Reliability and Validity of Virtual Reality-Based Testing in Elite Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5509-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy","family":"Craig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-648X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario A.","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine A.","family":"Grealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"The New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals","volume":"12","author":"Binet","year":"1905","journal-title":"L\u2019Ann\u00e9e Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Magill, R.A., and Anderson, D.I. 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