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Augmented reality (AR) offers real-time immersion into three-dimensional (3D) data, which provides an immersive experience with dynamic, high-quality, and multi-dimensional digital twins. A robust and customizable data platform is essential to create scalable 3D digital twins; Universal Scene Description (USD) provides these necessary qualities. Given the potential for integrating immersive AR and 3D digital twins, we developed a software application to bridge the gap between multi-modal AR immersion and USD-based digital twins. Our application provides real-time, multi-user AR immersion into USD-based digital twins, making it suitable for time-critical tasks and workflows. AR digital twin software is currently being tested and evaluated in an application we are developing to train astronauts. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of integrating immersive AR with dynamic 3D digital twins. AR-enabled digital twins have the potential to be adopted in various real-time, time-critical, multi-user, and multi-modal workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds4040050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:32:01Z","timestamp":1762191121000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Real-Time Immersive Augmented Reality Interface for Large-Scale USD-Based Digital Twins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1380-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khang Quang","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Robotics and Imaging Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}]},{"given":"Ernst L.","family":"Leiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos V.","family":"Tsekos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Robotics and Imaging Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}]},{"given":"Jose Daniel","family":"Velazco-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tietronix Software, Inc., Houston, TX 77058, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2290","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2290","article-title":"Evaluation of How Users Interface with Holographic Augmented Reality Surgical Scenes: Interactive Planning MR-Guided Prostate Biopsies","volume":"17","author":"Navkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robot. 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