{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T23:00:50Z","timestamp":1782428450519,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Knowledge Foundation","award":["20220179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220179"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immersive virtual reality is increasingly used for safety training, yet many initiatives remain technology-led pilots that enhance scenario realism and engagement without explaining how training becomes embedded in everyday work (e.g., alignment with SOPs, assessment routines, scheduling, and accountable debrief practices) or how skills reliably transfer back to duty. This paper addresses that gap by introducing Work-Integrated Safety Training (WIST) as a socio-technical training approach that couples IVR-based immersion with work-integrated routines to develop competence in safety-critical, passenger-facing work. Using Action Design Research (ADR) with Sweden\u2019s national rail operator (SJ), we iteratively designed and evaluated a gamified immersive prototype for onboard conflict management, drawing on interviews, incident reports, co-design workshops, and in situ evaluations. We formalize four transferable design principles\u2014specified with mechanisms and boundary conditions that guide how immersive training can (i) scaffold composure before intervention, (ii) make dynamic risk legible through interpretable cues, (iii) support SOP-aligned adaptive communication with replay-based reflection, and (iv) strengthen team coordination through role-specific checkpoints and psychologically safe debriefs. The paper contributes design knowledge for moving from isolated IVR demonstrations to work-integrated training systems that are implementable in organizations and testable in further longitudinal evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds5010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1769193356000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design Principles for Work-Integrated Safety Training (WIST) in Gamified Immersive Learning Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5233-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Katende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, School of Business, Economics and IT, University West, 461 86 Trollh\u00e4ttan, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Haj-Bolouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, School of Business, Economics and IT, University West, 461 86 Trollh\u00e4ttan, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2160-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, School of Business, Economics and IT, University West, 461 86 Trollh\u00e4ttan, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, School of Business, Economics and IT, University West, 461 86 Trollh\u00e4ttan, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Information and Service Management, Aalto University, Espoo, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103286","article-title":"Implementing Virtual Reality technology for safety training in the precast\/prestressed concrete industry","volume":"90","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. 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