{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:56:52Z","timestamp":1785427012741,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Research Agency","award":["PDC2021-12944-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDC2021-12944-I00"]}]},{"name":"State Research Agency","award":["PID2020-113978RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113978RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"State Research Agency","award":["PID2024.156037OB.I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024.156037OB.I00"]}]},{"award":["PDC2021-12944-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDC2021-12944-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003x0zc53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2020-113978RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113978RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003x0zc53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2024.156037OB.I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024.156037OB.I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003x0zc53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PY20-RE-022 UGR I+D+I Programa Operativo FEDER Andaluc\u00eda"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20-RE-022 UGR I+D+I Programa Operativo FEDER Andaluc\u00eda"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PY20-RE-022 UGR I+D+I Programa Operativo FEDER Andaluc\u00eda"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20-RE-022 UGR I+D+I Programa Operativo FEDER Andaluc\u00eda"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jem9c82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Worlds"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extended Reality (XR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are increasingly converging within cyber\u2013physical infrastructures, including digital twins, the Spatial Web, and smart-city systems. These environments require new frameworks for understanding how human performance emerges through sustained interaction with immersive interfaces and adaptive computational agents. This paper introduces the TAXI\u2013XI-CAP framework, a two-layer model that links psychobiological mechanisms of XR\u2013AI interaction to higher-level, experimentally testable capability constructs. The TAXI layer defines 42 mechanisms spanning perception, cognition, physiology, sensorimotor control, and social coordination, while XI-CAP organizes these into capability patterns such as remote dexterity, distributed cognition, and adaptive workload regulation. Derived through a theory-guided synthesis across XR, neuroscience, and human\u2013automation interaction, the framework models performance as emerging from interacting mechanisms under real-world constraints. A validation-oriented research agenda is proposed, emphasizing mechanism-level measurement, capability-level evaluation, and longitudinal testing. The TAXI\u2013XI-CAP framework provides a structured basis for hypothesis generation, comparative analysis, and empirical validation of XR\u2013AI systems, supporting the development of reliable, scalable, and human-centered Extended Intelligence infrastructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds5020018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1776669308000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Designing Extended Intelligence: A Taxonomy of Psychobiological Effects of XR\u2013AI Systems for Human Capability Augmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Tromp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 551111, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9980-517X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"El Makrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brussels Human Robotic Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Tr\u00f3golo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Universidad Siglo 21, C\u00f3rdoba X5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9781-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria B.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Barrerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Pech","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologyca Science & Marketing, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01005 \u00c1lava, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7348-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1ndida","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"As we may think","volume":"176","author":"Bush","year":"1945","journal-title":"Atl. 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