{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:57:19Z","timestamp":1778723839306,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rising temperatures in most viticultural regions are associated with a higher incidence of drastic weather circumstances such as heatwaves. The consequences are reflected in qualitative and quantitative white grapes characteristics. In fact, there is an enhancement in alcohol content and a jeopardized reduction in the aromatic potential. We performed a scientific test to assuage the bump of heatwaves and exposure of grapes on Vitis vinifera cv. \u201cSauvignon Blanc\u201d with exposed vines (untreated) or with kaolin foliar treatment or with partial fruit-zone shading (shading net 30 and 70%). This work aimed to evaluate the effects of shading net (SD-30% and SD-70%) and foliar kaolin (K) treatment on physiology, technological maturity, and thiolic precursors in Italy during the 2020\u20132021 seasons. For this purpose, four treatments were established: SD-30% (green artificial shading net at 30%), SD-70% (green artificial shading net at 70%), K (foliar kaolin), and CTRL (no application). During the two vintages, single-leaf gas exchange appraisal, leaf temperature, berry temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, pre-dawn, and leaf water potential were measured. Moreover, berry weight, pH, \u00b0Brix, acidity (technological maturity specifications), and the following thiolic precursors were analyzed: 3-S-glutathionylhexan-1-ol (Glut-3MH), S-4-(4-methylpentan-2-one)-L-cysteine (Cys-4MMP), and 3-S-cysteinylhexan-1-ol (Cys-3MH). SD-70% and K denoted less negative water potential, a lower berry temperature, and a higher level of all precursors than the other treatments. Acidity and sugar parameters indicated significant differences among treatments. The lower berry weight and the lower tartaric acidity were found in the CTRL treatment. In comparison, SD-70% and K showed lower and more balanced sugar contents. As a result of global warming, color shading net and kaolin have been demonstrated to be good practices to counterpoise the divergence between aromatic and technological maturity in Sauvignon Blanc grapevines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12040491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:33:03Z","timestamp":1648762383000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effects of Kaolin and Shading Net on the Ecophysiology and Berry Composition of Sauvignon Blanc Grapevines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6191-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cataldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Fucile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovan Battista","family":"Mattii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12581","article-title":"Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: A review","volume":"20","author":"Thornton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1816","article-title":"Extreme events due to human-induced climate change","volume":"364","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-9-1383","article-title":"The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: A new era in climate change research","volume":"88","author":"Meehl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.07.032","article-title":"A novel method for quantitatively evaluating agricultural vulnerability to climate change","volume":"48","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00972-w","article-title":"Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change","volume":"11","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"5","article-title":"Projections of climate suitability for wine production for the Cotnari wine region (Romania)","volume":"1","author":"Irimia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammoniaci, M., Kartsiotis, S.P., Perria, R., and Storchi, P. (2021). State of the art of monitoring technologies and data processing for precision viticulture. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11030201"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"167","article-title":"The climate component of terroir","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elem. An. Int. Mag. Mineral. Geochem. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.07.048","article-title":"Scale effect of terroir under three contrasting vintages in the Chianti Classico area (Tuscany, Italy)","volume":"334","author":"Priori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"67","article-title":"A simple model for simulation of growth and development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). 1. Model description","volume":"36","author":"Bindi","year":"2015","journal-title":"VITIS-J. Grapevine Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04881","article-title":"Grape berry acclimation to excessive solar irradiance leads to repartitioning between major flavonoid groups","volume":"66","author":"Reshef","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13483","article-title":"Secondary metabolites and related genes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes as influenced by ultraviolet radiation and berry development","volume":"173","author":"Monforte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.05.001","article-title":"Climate change associated effects on grape and wine quality and production","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.07.036","article-title":"Physiological, micro-morphological and metabolomic analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf of plants under water stress","volume":"130","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(02)00203-9","article-title":"Genome-wide expression analyses: Metabolic adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high sugar stress","volume":"3","author":"Erasmus","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"29","article-title":"When the heat is on, yeast fermentation runs out of puff","volume":"23","author":"Coulter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. NZ Wine Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2014.07.039","article-title":"Changes in vineyard establishment and canopy management urged by earlier climate-related grape ripening: A review","volume":"178","author":"Palliotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Jones, G.V. (2010, January 22\u201327). Climate, grapes and wine: Structure and suitability in a changing climate. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010), Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.14","article-title":"An overview of climate change impacts on European viticulture","volume":"1","author":"Fraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2008.00035.x","article-title":"Effect of potential atmospheric warming on temperature-based indices describing Australian winegrape growing conditions","volume":"15","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Droulia, F., and Charalampopoulos, I. (2021). Future Climate Change Impacts on European Viticulture: A Review on Recent Scientific Advances. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12040495"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj128","article-title":"Modelling malic acid accumulation in fruits: Relationships with organic acids, potassium, and temperature","volume":"57","author":"Lobit","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18711","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140918711","article-title":"Berry phenolics of grapevine under challenging environments","volume":"14","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.09.006","article-title":"2-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine in grape berries and its dependence on genotype","volume":"71","author":"Koch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"108","article-title":"Grapevine berry ripening and wine aroma","volume":"269","author":"Deloire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wynboer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2013.47.2.1546","article-title":"The effect of leaf area to yield ratio on secondary metabolites in grapes and wines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc","volume":"47","author":"Kmecl","year":"2013","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgogno-Mondino, E., de Palma, L., and Novello, V. (2020). Investigating Sentinel 2 Multispectral Imagery Efficiency in Describing Spectral Response of Vineyards Covered with Plastic Sheets. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10121909"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2001.52.1.1","article-title":"Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California","volume":"52","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1647","article-title":"Modified grape composition under climate change conditions requires adaptations in the vineyard","volume":"51","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oeno One"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.02.014","article-title":"Pre-harvest berry shrinkage in cv \u2018Shiraz\u2019 (Vitis vinifera L.): Understanding sap flow by means of tracing","volume":"233","author":"Carlomagno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2015.49.2.86","article-title":"Effects of kaolin-based particle film and fruit zone netting on Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine physiology and fruit quality","volume":"49","author":"Lobos","year":"2015","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(00)80187-X","article-title":"Photosynthetic activity during high temperature treatment of pea plants","volume":"157","author":"Georgieva","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.056","article-title":"Methoxypyrazines biosynthesis and metabolism in grape: A review","volume":"245","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cataldo, E., Salvi, L., Paoli, F., Fucile, M., and Mattii, G.B. (2021). Effect of Agronomic Techniques on Aroma Composition of White Grapevines: A Review. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11102027"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-13-175","article-title":"Effect of artificial shading on the tannin accumulation and aromatic composition of the Grillo cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"13","author":"Scafidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cataldo, E., Salvi, L., Paoli, F., Fucile, M., and Mattii, G.B. (2021). Effects of Defoliation at Fruit Set on Vine Physiology and Berry Composition in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061183"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2010.61.1.23","article-title":"Effect of different cluster sunlight exposure levels on ripening and anthocyanin accumulation in Nebbiolo grapes","volume":"61","author":"Chorti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.03.021","article-title":"Effects of plant hormones and shading on the accumulation of anthocyanins and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in grape berry skins","volume":"167","author":"Jeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"109946","article-title":"Current viticultural techniques to mitigate the effects of global warming on grape and wine quality: A comprehensive review","volume":"139","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzortzakis, N., Chrysargyris, A., and Aziz, A. (2020). Adaptive response of a native Mediterranean grapevine cultivar upon short-term exposure to drought and heat stress in the context of climate change. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10020249"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinis, L.T., Bernardo, S., Matos, C., Malheiro, A., Flores, R., Alves, S., Costa, C., Rocha, S., Correia, C., and Luzio, A. (2020). Overview of Kaolin Outcomes from vine to wine: Cerceal white variety case study. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202008.0631.v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.K., Afonso, J., Nogueira, M., Oliveira, A.A., Cosme, F., and Falco, V. (2020). Silicates of Potassium and Aluminium (Kaolin); Comparative Foliar Mitigation Treatments and Biochemical Insight on Grape Berry Quality in Vitis vinifera L. (cv. Touriga National and Touriga Franca). Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9030058"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11413","article-title":"Uncovering the effects of kaolin on balancing berry phytohormones and quality attributes of Vitis vinifera grown in warm-temperate climate regions","volume":"102","author":"Bernardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.04.035","article-title":"Effects of irrigation regime and application of kaolin on canopy temperatures of sweet pepper and tomato","volume":"238","author":"Lipovac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"256","article-title":"Impacts of Kaolin and Pinoline foliar application on growth, yield and water use efficiency of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under water deficit: A comparative study","volume":"18","author":"AbdAllah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2007.01233.x","article-title":"Kaolin particle films suppress many apple pests, disrupt natural enemies and promote woolly apple aphid","volume":"132","author":"Marko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-019-01151-3","article-title":"Kaolin nano-powder effect on insect attachment ability","volume":"93","author":"Salerno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2006.04.006","article-title":"The effects of kaolin, harpin, and imidacloprid on development of Pierce\u2019s disease in grape","volume":"26","author":"Tubajika","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.47.6.710","article-title":"The mechanisms of plant stress mitigation by kaolin-based particle films and applications in horticultural and agricultural crops","volume":"47","author":"Glenn","year":"2012","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2008.11512345","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation effects on fruit surface respiration and chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"83","author":"Glenn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.134.3.314","article-title":"Particle film mechanisms of action that reduce the effect of environmental stress in \u2018Empire\u2019 apple","volume":"134","author":"Glenn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4545","article-title":"Effects of sunlight exclusion on leaf gas exchange, berry composition, and wine flavour profile of Cabernet-Sauvignon from the foot of the north side of Mount Tianshan and a semi-arid continental climate","volume":"55","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.607859","article-title":"Evaluating strategies for adaptation to climate change in grapevine production\u2013A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Naulleau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Novello, V., and De Palma, L. (2013). Viticultural strategy to reduce alcohol levels in wine. Alcohol Level Reduction in Wine (pp. 3\u20138). Vigne et Vin Publications Internationales, Oenoviti International Network."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villalobos-Soublett, E., Guti\u00e9rrez-Gamboa, G., Balbont\u00edn, C., Zurita-Silva, A., Ibacache, A., and Verdugo-V\u00e1squez, N. (2021). Effect of Shading Nets on Yield, Leaf Biomass and Petiole Nutrients of a Muscat of Alexandria Vineyard Growing under Hyper-Arid Conditions. Horticulturae, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae7110445"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2021.21022","article-title":"Effects of Colored Shade Nets on Grapes and Leaves of Shine Muscat Grown under Greenhouse Conditions","volume":"73","author":"Zha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11522","article-title":"Effects of vine top shading on the accumulation of C6\/C9 compounds in\u2019Cabernet Sauvignon\u2019(Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries in northwestern China","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990507x","article-title":"Effects of vine or bunch shading on the glycosylated flavor precursors in grapes of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah","volume":"48","author":"Bureau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1984.03615995004800010026x","article-title":"A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture","volume":"48","author":"Shirazi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2020.54.4.2556","article-title":"The effects of leaf removal and artificial shading on the composition of Chardonnay and Pinot noir grapes","volume":"54","author":"Ghiglieno","year":"2020","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"119","article-title":"Ph\u00e4nologische Entwick-lungs- stadien der Rebe","volume":"29","author":"Eichhorn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nachr. Des. Dtsch. Pflanz. Schutzdienstes Braunschw."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00085.x","article-title":"Growth Stages of the Grapevine: Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera)-Codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale","volume":"1","author":"Lorenz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3668.339","article-title":"Sap pressure in vascular plants","volume":"148","author":"Scholander","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00870.x","article-title":"Limitation of transpiration by hydraulic conductance and xylem cavitation in Betula occidentalis","volume":"16","author":"Sperry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00032301","article-title":"Calibration of the Minolta SPAD-502 leaf chlorophyll meter","volume":"46","author":"Markwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/51.345.659","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence\u2014A practical guide","volume":"51","author":"Maxwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.01.007","article-title":"BerryTone\u2014A simulation model for the daily course of grape berry temperature","volume":"149","author":"Cola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.056","article-title":"Polyphenol composition, vitamin C content and antioxidant capacity of Mauritian citrus fruit pulps","volume":"44","author":"Ramful","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.05.149","article-title":"Pre-fermentation addition of grape tannin increases the varietal thiols content in wine","volume":"166","author":"Larcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"89","article-title":"Shapiro-Wilk test with known mean","volume":"14","author":"Hanusz","year":"2016","journal-title":"REVSTAT-Stat. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS301","article-title":"The impact of Levene\u2019s test of equality of variances on statistical theory and practice","volume":"24","author":"Gastwirth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.726","article-title":"Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: The Bonferroni vs Holm methods","volume":"86","author":"Aickin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12463","article-title":"Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: Tackling the issue from the roots","volume":"27","author":"Armengol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2823","article-title":"Family logics and environmental sustainability: A study of the New Zealand wine industry","volume":"30","author":"Kariyapperuma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6943","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01958","article-title":"Aroma of Icewine: A Review on How Environmental, Viticultural, and Oenological Factors Affect the Aroma of Icewine","volume":"69","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.10.010","article-title":"Effects of calcium particle films and natural shading on ecophysiological parameters of conilon coffee","volume":"245","author":"Junior","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-018-0767-y","article-title":"Photosynthetic efficiency in sun and shade plants","volume":"56","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2021.110893","article-title":"Grapevine morphological shade acclimation is mediated by light quality whereas hydraulic shade acclimation is mediated by light intensity","volume":"307","author":"Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.02.070","article-title":"Kaolin, an emerging tool to alleviate the effects of abiotic stresses on crop performance","volume":"250","author":"Brito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-017-0714-3","article-title":"Improvement of grapevine physiology and yield under summer stress by kaolin-foliar application: Water relations, photosynthesis and oxidative damage","volume":"56","author":"Dinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01150","article-title":"Kaolin foliar application has a stimulatory effect on phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways in grape berries","volume":"7","author":"Conde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2018.02.004","article-title":"Kaolin particle film application stimulates photoassimilate synthesis and modifies the primary metabolome of grape leaves","volume":"223","author":"Conde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7860","article-title":"Nebulized water cooling of the canopy affects leaf temperature, berry composition and wine quality of Sauvignon blanc","volume":"97","author":"Paciello","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.12.035","article-title":"Grapevine quality: A multiple choice issue","volume":"234","author":"Poni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2019.153020","article-title":"Understanding kaolin effects on grapevine leaf and whole-canopy physiology during water stress and re-watering","volume":"242","author":"Frioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2020.148260","article-title":"Functional characterization of the corticular photosynthetic apparatus in grapevine","volume":"1861","author":"Yanykin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.03.026","article-title":"Re-evaluating pressure chamber methods of water status determination in field-grown grapevine (Vitis spp.)","volume":"221","author":"Levin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.05.017","article-title":"Physiological indicators to assess water status in potted grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"255","author":"Tuccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1206-7","article-title":"Anisohydric behaviour in grapevines results in better performance under moderate water stress and recovery than isohydric behaviour","volume":"359","author":"Pou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01485","article-title":"Modeling stem water potential by separating the effects of soil water availability and climatic conditions on water status in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"10","author":"Suter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.08.015","article-title":"Effect of shading and water stress on light interception, physiology and yield of apple trees","volume":"210","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.110112","article-title":"The influence of hail net on the water balance and leaf pigment content of apple orchards","volume":"283","author":"Nagy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.11.007","article-title":"Kaolin modulates ABA and IAA dynamics and physiology of grapevine under Mediterranean summer stress","volume":"220","author":"Dinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1515\/opag-2019-0028","article-title":"Spectral and thermal data as a proxy for leaf protective energy dissipation under kaolin application in grapevine cultivars","volume":"4","author":"Tosin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Agric."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frioni, T., Tombesi, S., Sabbatini, P., Squeri, C., Lavado Rodas, N., Palliotti, A., and Poni, S. (2020). Kaolin reduces ABA biosynthesis through the inhibition of neoxanthin synthesis in grapevines under water deficit. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144950"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-015-0156-8","article-title":"Kaolin-based, foliar reflective film protects photosystem II structure and function in grapevine leaves exposed to heat and high solar radiation","volume":"54","author":"Dinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.10.028","article-title":"Kaolin particle film modulates morphological, physiological and biochemical olive tree responses to drought and rewatering","volume":"133","author":"Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2019.04.019","article-title":"Topical shading substantially inhibits vegetative branching by altering leaf photosynthesis and hormone contents of cotton plants","volume":"238","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10057","article-title":"Effect of shading and grafting on yield and quality of tomato","volume":"100","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109868","article-title":"Influence of shade intensity on growth, biomass allocation, yield and quality of pineapple in mango-based intercropping system","volume":"278","author":"Kishore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10693","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04163","article-title":"Partial solar radiation exclusion with color shade nets reduces the degradation of organic acids and flavonoids of grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12001","article-title":"Effects of elevated temperature in grapevine. II juice pH, titratable acidity and wine sensory attributes","volume":"19","author":"Sadras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.37855\/jah.2015.v17i01.01","article-title":"Effect of vineyard shading on the composition, sensory quality and volatile flavours of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir wines from mild tropics","volume":"17","author":"Ranjitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcs121","article-title":"VvGOLS1 and VvHsfA2 are involved in the heat stress responses in grapevine berries","volume":"53","author":"Pillet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert394","article-title":"An update on sugar transport and signalling in grapevine","volume":"65","author":"Lecourieux","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects on Berry Shrinkage in Vitis vinifera. L cv. \u2018Merlot\u2019 From Changes in Canopy\/Root Ratio: A Preliminary Approach","volume":"40","author":"Pardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.11.052","article-title":"Postharvest dehydration induces variable changes in the primary metabolism of grape berries","volume":"105","author":"Conde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5711","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9834","article-title":"Impact of vine water status on berry mass and berry tissue development of Cabernet franc (Vitis vinifera L.), assessed at berry level","volume":"99","author":"Triolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00fcscher, J., Chen, C.C.L., Brillante, L., and Kurtural, S.K. (2020). Mitigating heat wave and exposure damage to \u201ccabernet sauvignon\u201d wine grape with partial shading under two irrigation amounts. Front. Plant Sci., 1760.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.579192"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.05.034","article-title":"Influence of timing and intensity of fruit zone leaf removal and kaolin applications on bunch rot control and quality improvement of Sauvignon blanc grapes, and wines, in a temperate humid climate","volume":"223","author":"Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.03.037","article-title":"Effect of different timings and intensities of water stress on yield and berry composition of grapevine (cv. Sauvignon blanc) in a mountain environment","volume":"236","author":"Wenter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1868","article-title":"What is the expected impact of climate change on wine aroma compounds and their precursors in grape?","volume":"51","author":"Pons","year":"2017","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2019.53.2.2434","article-title":"The effects of a moderate grape temperature increase on berry secondary metabolites","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2013.06.001","article-title":"Kaolin over sun-exposed fruit affects berry temperature, must composition and wine sensory attributes of Sauvignon blanc","volume":"50","author":"Coniberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.643258","article-title":"Grape Berry Secondary Metabolites and Their Modulation by Abiotic Factors in a Climate Change Scenario\u2014A Review","volume":"12","author":"Rienth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(02)00250-9","article-title":"Oxylipin metabolism in response to stress","volume":"5","author":"Howe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq376","article-title":"Environmental stress enhances biosynthesis of flavor precursors, S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione and S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-L-cysteine, in grapevine through glutathione S-transferase activation","volume":"62","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2013.13070","article-title":"Determining the methoxypyrazine biosynthesis variables affected by light exposure and crop level in Cabernet Sauvignon","volume":"64","author":"Dunlevy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."}],"container-title":["Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/12\/4\/491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:47:31Z","timestamp":1760136451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/12\/4\/491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["agriculture12040491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture12040491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0472","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}}}