{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:14:42Z","timestamp":1790021682260,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["435628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["435628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term application of manures in watersheds with dense animal production has increased soil phosphorus (P) concentration, exceeding plant and soil assimilative capacities. The P accumulated in soils that are heavily manured and contain excess extractable soil P concentrations is known as legacy P. Runoff and leaching can transport legacy P to ground water and surface water bodies, contributing to water quality impairment and environmental pollution, such as eutrophication. This review article analyzes and discusses current and innovative management practices for soil legacy P. Specifically, we address the use of biochar as an emerging novel technology that reduces P movement and bioavailability in legacy P soils. We illustrate that properties of biochar can be affected by pyrolysis temperature and by various activating chemical compounds and by-products. Our approach consists of engineering biochars, using an activation process on poultry litter feedstock before pyrolysis to enhance the binding or precipitation of legacy P. Finally, this review article describes previous examples of biochar activation and offers new approaches to the production of biochars with enhanced P sorption capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11071289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T04:46:57Z","timestamp":1624596417000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Occurrence of Legacy P Soils and Potential Mitigation Practices Using Activated Biochar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vasile","family":"Cerven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Plant Research Center, Coastal Plains Soil, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2611 W. Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1580-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff M.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Plant Research Center, Coastal Plains Soil, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2611 W. Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel A.","family":"Sz\u00f6gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Plant Research Center, Coastal Plains Soil, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2611 W. Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Pantuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Assistance & Partnerships Branch Infrastructure and Assistance Section, Water Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-2248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don W.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Plant Research Center, Coastal Plains Soil, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2611 W. Lucas Street, Florence, SC 29501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54A","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.67.2.54A","article-title":"Managing manure for sustainable livestock production in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","volume":"67","author":"Kleinman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sutton, R., and Cox, C. (2021, May 04). Bay out of Balance: Broken System Allows Phosphorus Pollution to Worsen. 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