{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T09:32:03Z","timestamp":1782639123752,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 773431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 773431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agronomy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reduction of copper-based plant-protection products with the final aim of phasing out has a high priority in European policy, as well as in organic agriculture. Our survey aims at providing an overview of the current use of these products in European organic agriculture and the need for alternatives to allow policymakers to develop strategies for a complete phasing out. Due to a lack of centralized databases on pesticide use, our survey combines expert knowledge on permitted and real copper use per crop and country, with statistics on organic area. In the 12 surveyed countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK), we calculated that approximately 3258 t copper metal per year is consumed by organic agriculture, equaling to 52% of the permitted annual dosage. This amount is split between olives (1263 t y\u22121, 39%), grapevine (990 t y\u22121, 30%), and almonds (317 t y\u22121, 10%), followed by other crops with much smaller annual uses (&lt;80 t y\u22121). In 56% of the allowed cases (countries \u00d7 crops), farmers use less than half of the allowed amount, and in 27%, they use less than a quarter. At the time being, completely abandoning copper fungicides would lead to high yield losses in many crops. To successfully reduce or avoid copper use, all preventive strategies have to be fully implemented, breeding programs need to be intensified, and several affordable alternative products need to be brought to the market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1646912807000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Use of Copper-Based Fungicides in Organic Agriculture in Twelve European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lucius","family":"Tamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, 5070 Frick, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Thuerig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, 5070 Frick, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stoilko","family":"Apostolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOA Bioselena, 4300 Karlovo, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Blogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Association, Bristol BS1 6AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioforum, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola Elisa","family":"Corneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEM Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige, TN, Italy"},{"name":"Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige, TN, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Fittje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naturland e.V., 82166 Gr\u00e4felfing, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelangelo","family":"de Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FederBio, 00198 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Donko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (\u00d6MKI), 1174 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Experton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITAB, 75595 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9velyne","family":"Alc\u00e1zar Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n ECOVALIA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Morell P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n ECOVALIA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Pertot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEM Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige, TN, Italy"},{"name":"Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all\u2019Adige, TN, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Centre for Organic Farming, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0052-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5vard","family":"Steinshamn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Production and Society, Grassland and Livestock, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research NIBIO, 1430 Aas, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airi","family":"Vetemaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Organic Farming Foundation, 50403 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Willer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Extension, Training & Communication, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, 5070 Frick, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9280-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00eblle","family":"Herforth-Rahm\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, 5070 Frick, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269915X04001090","article-title":"Alexis Millardet: France\u2019s forgotten mycologist","volume":"18","author":"Ayres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycologist"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Plasmopara viticola: A review of knowledge on downy mildew of grapevine and effective disease management","volume":"50","author":"Gessler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytopathol. 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