{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:54:51Z","timestamp":1790848491001,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center","award":["UMO\u20132014\/15\/N\/NZ9\/01529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO\u20132014\/15\/N\/NZ9\/01529"]}]},{"name":"Young Researcher Program of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Poland financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["507.533.10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["507.533.10"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"The National Centre for research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["267659\/7\/NCBR\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["267659\/7\/NCBR\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two independent experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of nisin alone or with monensin on gut microbiota, gut microbial activities, and histomorphology (exp 1) and the effect of nisin application in a dose\u2012response manner on the growth performance of broiler chickens (exp 2). A total of 900 one-day-old female Ross 308 chicks (400, exp 1; 500, exp 2) were randomly distributed to four groups (exp 1; 10 replicate pens per treatment with 10 birds each), i.e., NA, no additives; MON, monensin (100 ppm); NIS, nisin (2700 IU\/kg diet); and MON + NIS, a mixture of monensin (100 ppm) and nisin (2700 IU\/kg diet); or 5 treatments (exp 2), NA, no additives; NIS100, nisin (100 IU\/kg diet); NIS200, nisin (200 IU\/kg diet); NIS400, nisin (400 IU\/kg diet); and NIS800, nisin (800 IU\/kg diet). Nisin supplementation positively affected the microbiota of the gut by reducing potentially pathogenic bacterial populations in the jejunum and ceca. The bacterial fermentation in the jejunum was significantly lowered by nisin addition. The addition of nisin from 100 IU to 800 IU decreased the FCR value over the entire experimental period. According to the results, nisin can be considered a natural dietary supplement for broiler chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1578539231000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Nisin as a Novel Feed Additive: The Effects on Gut Microbial Modulation and Activity, Histological Parameters, and Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kiero\u0144czyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 33, 60-637 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Rawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute of Zoology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Miko\u0142ajczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 33, 60-637 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwester","family":"\u015awi\u0105tkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"J\u00f3zefiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 33, 60-637 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106864","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of carvacrol and its synergism with nisin against Listeria monocytogenes on sliced bologna sausage","volume":"108","author":"Churklam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f360","article-title":"Effect of nisin and lysozyme on bacteriological and sensorial quality of pasteurized milk","volume":"6","author":"Saad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9416","article-title":"Novel natural food preservatives and applications in seafood preservation: A review","volume":"99","author":"Gokoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopetuso, L.R., Giorgio, M.E., Saviano, A., Scaldaferri, F., Gasbarrini, A., and Cammarota, G. (2019). Bacteriocins and Bacteriophages: Therapeutic Weapons for Gastrointestinal Diseases?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010183"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.07.011","article-title":"Functions and emerging applications of bacteriocins","volume":"49","author":"Chikindas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27225-3","article-title":"Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and conformational analysis of the class IIa bacteriocin pediocin PA-1 and analogs thereof","volume":"8","author":"Hammami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.10.007","article-title":"Microbial production of bacteriocins: Latest research development and applications","volume":"36","author":"Juturu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14183","article-title":"Bioengineering nisin to overcome the nisin resistance protein","volume":"111","author":"Field","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2013-0031","article-title":"Bacteriocins in poultry nutrition\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Sip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"11247","article-title":"Nisin preparation: Affirmation of GRAS status as a direct human food ingredient","volume":"53","author":"Register","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"EEC (1983). Commission Directive 83\/463\/EEC, E.E.C."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2006.314","article-title":"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on the safety in use of nisin as a food additive in an additional category of liquid eggs and on the safety of nisin produced using a modifi","volume":"4","author":"Aguilar","year":"2006","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.10.005","article-title":"Nisin preliminary study as a potential preservative for sliced ripened cheese: NaCl, fat and enzymes influence on nisin concentration and its antimicrobial activity","volume":"19","author":"Chollet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scope of Bacteriocins as a Viable Alternative to the Traditional Antibiotics","volume":"5","author":"Rameshkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Plants Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex234","article-title":"The physiological response of broiler chickens to the dietary supplementation of the bacteriocin nisin and ionophore coccidiostats","volume":"96","author":"Sassek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/67802\/2016","article-title":"The nisin improves broiler chicken growth performance and interacts with salinomycin in terms of gastrointestinal tract microbiota composition","volume":"25","author":"Rawski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.239-244.2006","article-title":"Effects of Lactococcus lactis on composition of intestinal microbiota: Role of nisin","volume":"72","author":"Bernbom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.01.001","article-title":"Ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in sheep fed a silage-based diet supplemented with Yucca schidigera or Y. schidigera and nisin","volume":"129","author":"Santoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03091.x","article-title":"Nisin F, intraperitoneally injected, may have a stabilizing effect on the bacterial population in the gastro-intestinal tract, as determined in a preliminary study with mice as model","volume":"53","author":"Brand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-014-9156-4","article-title":"Beneficial Effect of Lantibiotic Nisin in Rabbit Husbandry","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.08.031","article-title":"Simulated gastrointestinal digestion of nisin and interaction between nisin and bile","volume":"86","author":"Gough","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00638-2","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships in the peptide antibiotic nisin: Antibacterial activity of fragments of nisin","volume":"390","author":"Chan","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dietary nisin modulates the gastrointestinal microbial ecology and enhances growth performance of the broiler chickens","volume":"8","author":"Rawski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01931-0","article-title":"Effects of bacteriocin and organic acid on growth performance, small intestine histomorphology, and microbiology in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"51","author":"Ozdogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"164","article-title":"Effects of bacteriocin and organic acids on growth performance of Japanese quails","volume":"58","author":"Ozdogan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Pap. Ser. D Anim. Sci. Int. Sess. Sci. Commun. Fac. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"5063","article-title":"Safety of nisin (E 234) as a food additive in the light of new toxicological data and the proposed extension of use","volume":"15","author":"Younes","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Council, N.R. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: 1994, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.3.414","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein source and level on intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens","volume":"83","author":"Drew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5918","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.12.5918-5924.2002","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat source and subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic on the bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens at various ages","volume":"68","author":"Knarreborg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01303.x","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis challenge models with broiler chickens raised on litter: Evaluation of preconditions, Clostridium perfringens strains and outcome variables","volume":"24","author":"Kaldhusdal","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawski, M., Kiero\u0144czyk, B., D\u0142ugosz, J., \u015awi\u0105tkiewicz, S., and Jozefiak, D. (2016). Dietary probiotics affect gastrointestinal microbiota, histological structure and shell mineralization in turtles. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147859"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-744","article-title":"Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance in piglets","volume":"85","author":"Canibe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.5.2263-2266.2000","article-title":"Quantification of bacterial groups within human fecal flora by oligonucleotide probe hybridization","volume":"66","author":"Sghir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-142-5-1097","article-title":"Application of a suite of 16S rRNA-specific oligonucleotide probes designed to investigate bacteria of the phylum cytophaga-flavobacter-bacteroides in the natural environment","volume":"142","author":"Manz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.9.3336-3345.1998","article-title":"Variations of bacterial populations in human feces measured by fluorescent in situ hybridization with group-specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes","volume":"64","author":"Franks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.03.010","article-title":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens species detected in infant faecal microbiota using 16S rRNA targeted probes","volume":"67","author":"Fallani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"3","article-title":"A 16S rRNA-targeted probe for detection of lactobacilli and enterococci in faecal samples by fluorescent in situ hybridization","volume":"11","author":"Harmsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02280","article-title":"Garlic derivative propyl propane thiosulfonate is effective against broiler enteropathogens in vivo","volume":"91","author":"Peinado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00629-07","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of nisin Z on subclinical mastitis in lactating cows","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0153","article-title":"Efficacy of nisin in treatment of clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.07.016","article-title":"Nisin inhibits dental caries-associated microorganism in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Tong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.08.037","article-title":"The apoptotic impact of nisin as a potent bacteriocin on the colon cancer cells","volume":"111","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3928","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00622-13","article-title":"Evaluation of a nisin-eluting nanofiber scaffold to treat Staphylococcus aureus-induced skin infections in mice","volume":"57","author":"Heunis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(69)86771-8","article-title":"Inactivation of nisin by alpha-chymotrypsin","volume":"52","author":"Jarvis","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(66)87854-2","article-title":"Inactivation of nisin by pancreatin","volume":"49","author":"Heinemann","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00001.x","article-title":"Deconjugation of bile salts by Bacteroides and Clostridium","volume":"25","author":"Masuda","year":"1981","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.4.1120-1124.1993","article-title":"The assumed assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium bifidum is due to their bile salt-deconjugating activity","volume":"59","author":"Klaver","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1273","article-title":"Bacteriocins: Developing innate immunity for food","volume":"3","author":"Cotter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1515\/aoas-2016-0032","article-title":"Avian crop function\u2014A review","volume":"16","author":"Rawski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000138","article-title":"The microbiome of the chicken gastrointestinal tract","volume":"13","author":"Yeoman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12608","article-title":"The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome","volume":"360","author":"Oakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2003.09.007","article-title":"Carbohydrate fermentation in the avian ceca: A review","volume":"113","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0731663","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with lactosucrose (4G-\u03b2-D-Galactosylsucrose) on cecal flora, cecal metabolites, and performance in broiler chickens","volume":"73","author":"Terada","year":"1994","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.01.016","article-title":"The composition and enzymatic activity of gut microbiota in laying hens fed diets supplemented with blue lupine seeds","volume":"191","author":"Jankowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrier, D.E., Hinton, A., Ziprin, R.L., Beier, R.C., and DeLoach, J.R. (1990). Effect of dietary lactose on cecal pH, bacteriostatic volatile fatty acids, and Salmonella typhimurium colonization of broiler chicks. Avian Dis., 617\u2013625.","DOI":"10.2307\/1591254"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.9.1418","article-title":"Effect of butyric acid on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens","volume":"84","author":"Leeson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f3zefiak, D., Sip, A., Rawski, M., Steiner, T., and Rutkowski, A. (2011). The dose response effects of liquid and lyophilized Carnobacterium divergens AS7 bacteriocin on the nutrient retention and performance of broiler chickens. Food Microbiol., 401\u2013412.","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/66195\/2011"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.602963","article-title":"Dietary divercin modifies gastrointestinal microbiota and improves growth performance in broiler chickens","volume":"52","author":"Sip","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.9.1570","article-title":"Bacteriocins reduce Campylobacter colonization and alter gut morphology in turkey poults","volume":"85","author":"Cole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4463","article-title":"Effects of albusin B (a bacteriocin) of Ruminococcus albus 7 expressed by yeast on growth performance and intestinal absorption of broiler chickens\u2014its potential role as an alternative to feed antibiotics","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/1\/101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:29:02Z","timestamp":1760362142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/1\/101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10010101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10010101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]}}}