{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:52:30Z","timestamp":1781967150980,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009873","name":"Regione Autonoma della Sardegna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIGLIOVIGENSAR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIGLIOVIGENSAR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcervical artificial insemination (AI) after the surgical incision of cervical folds (SICF) could represent a valid alternative to laparoscopic AI when frozen thawed semen is used. The aim of this experiment was to compare pregnancy (PR) and lambing rates (LR) of ewes submitted either to transcervical AI after SICF or to laparoscopic AI using frozen thawed semen. Pregnant at term ewes (n = 80) were allocated in two experimental groups. After lambing, one group (n = 39) was submitted to SICF. The remaining ewes that were regularly lambed were allocated to the group of laparoscopic AI (n = 40). Six months later, oestrous cycle of both experimental groups was synchronised and all ewes were artificially inseminated with frozen thawed semen. Ewes submitted to SICF underwent transcervical insemination and intrauterine deposition of semen was recorded. The remaining animals were submitted to laparoscopic AI. Pregnancy and LR were recorded. Intrauterine deposition of semen was possible in 89.7% pf ewes submitted to SICF. This group showed similar PR and LR compared to the laparoscopic group (respectively: PR, 71.8% vs. 70% and LR, 64.1% vs. 65%; p &gt; 0.05). Transcervical AI after SICF may represent a valid alternative to laparoscopy in AI protocols requiring the use of frozen thawed semen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1578539231000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reproductive Performance Following Transcervical Insemination with Frozen Thawed Semen in Ewes Submitted to Surgical Incision of Cervical Folds (SICF): Comparison with Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Pau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Competenza Biodiversit\u00e0 Animale, viale Adua 2\/c, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Falchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Ledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-352X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Pivato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade de Brasilia, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melosu","family":"Valentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Bogliolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Ariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Zedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna n.2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.02.017","article-title":"The anatomy of the sheep cervix and its influence on the transcervical passage of an inseminating pipette into the uterine lumen","volume":"64","author":"Kershaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"271","article-title":"The functional integrity and fate of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa in the female tract","volume":"54","author":"Gillan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(94)01328-J","article-title":"Frozen storage of ram semen II. Causes of low fertility after cervical insemination and methods of improvement","volume":"38","author":"Salamon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.08.007","article-title":"Assessing the usefulness of prostaglandin E2 (Cervidil) for transcervical artificial insemination in ewes","volume":"84","author":"Bartlewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00128-4","article-title":"A preliminary study on the usefulness of huIL-8 in cervical relaxation of the ewe for artificial insemination and for embryo transfer","volume":"52","author":"Croy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.02.017","article-title":"The pattern of cervical penetration and the effect of topical treatment with prostaglandin and\/or FSH and oxytocin on the depth of cervical penetration in the ewe during the peri-ovulatory period","volume":"78","author":"Falchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2527\/1992.70138x","article-title":"Exogenous oxytocin dilates the cervix in ewes","volume":"70","author":"Khalifa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.10.012","article-title":"The effects of the prostaglandin E analogue Misoprostol and follicle-stimulating hormone on cervical penetrability in ewes during the peri-ovulatory period","volume":"67","author":"Leethongdee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77102587x","article-title":"Estradiol-17 beta-oxytocin-induced cervical dilation in sheep: Application to transcervical embryo transfer","volume":"77","author":"Costine","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1951","article-title":"Technical Note: A new device for cervical insemination of sheep\u2014Design and field test1","volume":"95","author":"Ferrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.03.001","article-title":"Design and \u201cin vivo\u201d evaluation of two adapted catheters for intrauterine transcervical insemination in sheep","volume":"131","author":"Chamorro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.039","article-title":"Influence of breed and age on morphometry and depth of inseminating catheter penetration in the ewe cervix: A postmortem study","volume":"66","author":"Kaabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01042-7","article-title":"Development of a new transcervical artificial insemination method for sheep: Effects of a new transcervical artificial insemination catheter and traversing the cervix on semen quality and fertility","volume":"58","author":"Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(90)90061-W","article-title":"A technique for transcervical intrauterine insemination of ewes","volume":"33","author":"Halbert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.11.019","article-title":"Surgery on cervical folds for transcervical intrauterine artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen enhances pregnancy rates in the sheep","volume":"126","author":"Pau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"McKusick, B.C., Thomas, D.L., Gottfredson, R.G., Zelinsky, R., and Berger, Y.M. (2020, January 09). A Comparison of Transcervical and Laparoscopic Intrauterine Artificial Insemination Techniques on Reproductive Performance of Ewes. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f1a6\/c9562acbef48234d6515e700049951096a68.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.20062","article-title":"Fertility after different artificial insemination methods using a synthetic semen extender in sheep","volume":"55","author":"Hiwasa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00281-1","article-title":"A large-scale program in laparoscopic intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed semen in Australian Merino sheep in Argentine Patagonia","volume":"48","author":"Moses","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(94)90069-8","article-title":"The depth of cervical insemination and site of intrauterine insemination and their relationship to the fertility of frozen-thawed ram semen","volume":"36","author":"Eppleston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(98)00048-X","article-title":"Effect of eCG on the pregnancy rate of ewes transcervically inseminated with frozen-thawed semen outside the breeding season","volume":"49","author":"Husein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2016.11.012","article-title":"Fertility response of artificial insemination methods in sheep with fresh and frozen-thawed semen","volume":"74","author":"Masoudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(90)90041-Q","article-title":"Field evaluation of a technique for transcervical intrauterine insemination of ewes","volume":"33","author":"Halbert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(90)90060-7","article-title":"The structure of the cervical canal of the ewe","volume":"33","author":"Halbert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(95)00065-G","article-title":"Factors influencing the success of transcervical insemination in Merino ewes","volume":"43","author":"Windsor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Falaschi, U., Galli, A., Rassu, S.P.G., Pulina, G., Enne, G., and La, I.A. (1996, January 10). Transcervicale nella pecora: Risultati di 2 anni di sperimentazione in campo. Proceedings of the 8\u00b0 Meeting Nazionale Studio della efficienza riproduttiva degli animali di interesse zootecnico, Bergamo, Italy."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800009498","article-title":"Comparison of laparoscopic and transcervical insemination with frozen semen in Sarda dairy ewes","volume":"66","author":"Cappai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.09.005","article-title":"Differences between Belclare and Suffolk ewes in fertilization rate, embryo quality and accessory sperm number after cervical or laparoscopic artificial insemination","volume":"63","author":"Fair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.01.009","article-title":"Lambing rates and litter sizes following intrauterine or cervical insemination of frozen\/thawed semen with or without oxytocin administration","volume":"62","author":"King","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00266","article-title":"Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination Technique in Small Ruminants-A Procedure Review","volume":"5","author":"Sathe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/1\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:04:18Z","timestamp":1760364258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/1\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10010108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10010108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]}}}