{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:26:47Z","timestamp":1772760407188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","award":["PJ012704012019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ012704012019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune response of 107 vaccinated Holstein cattle was initially obtained prior to the ELISA test. Five cattle with high and low bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type I antibody were identified as the final experimental animals. Blood samples from these animals were then utilized to determine significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the RNA-seq transcriptome analysis and enrichment analysis. Our analysis identified 261 DEGs in cattle identified as experimental animals. Functional enrichment analysis in gene ontology (GO) annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways revealed the DEGs potentially induced by the inactivated BVDV type I vaccine, and might be responsible for the host immune responses. Our findings suggested that inactivated vaccine induced upregulation of genes involved in different GO annotations, including antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen (via MHC class I), immune response, and positive regulation of interferon-gamma production. The observed downregulation of other genes involved in immune response might be due to inhibition of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by the upregulation of the Bcl-3 gene. Meanwhile, the result of KEGG pathways revealed that the majority of DEGs were upregulated and enriched to different pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, platelet activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. These significant pathways supported our initial findings and are known to play a vital role in shaping adaptive immunity against BVDV type 1. In addition, type 1 diabetes mellitus pathways tended to be significantly enriched. Thus, further studies are needed to investigate the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in cattle vaccinated with inactivated and live BVDV vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1582282156000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Based Transcriptome Analysis in Immune Response of Holstein Cattle to Killed Vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type I"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3288-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan Irvine","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kier Gumangan","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Mu\u0144oz 3120, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donghui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seungmin","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangseok","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"20","author":"Grooms","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. 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