{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:12:24Z","timestamp":1788498744774,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The possible out-of-season effect of beta-carotene supplementation on ovulation rate (OR), antral follicles (AFN), and total ovarian activity (TOA = OR + AFN) as related to the LH release pattern in yearling anestrous goats was evaluated. In late April, Alpine-Saanen-Nubian x Criollo goats (n = 22, 26 N) were randomly allotted to: (1) Beta-carotene (BETA; n = 10, orally supplemented with 50 mg\/goat\/d; 36.4 \u00b1 1.07 kg live weight (LW), 3.5 \u00b1 0.20 units, body condition score (BCS) or (2) Non-supplemented (CONT; n = 12, 35.2 \u00b1 1.07 kg LW, 3.4 \u00b1 0.2 units BCS). Upon estrus synchronization, an intensive blood sampling (6 h \u00d7 15 min) was accomplished in May for LH quantifications; response variables included (pulsatility-PULSE, time to first pulse-TTFP, amplitude-AMPL, nadir-NAD and area under the curve-AUC). Thereafter, an ultrasonography scanning was completed to assess OR and AFN. The Munro algorithm was used to quantify LH pulsatility; if significant effects of time, treatment or interaction were identified, data were compared across time. Neither LW nor BCS (p &gt; 0.05) or even the LH (p &gt; 0.05); PULSE (4.1 \u00b1 0.9 pulses\/6 h), NAD (0.47 \u00b1 0.13 ng) and AUC (51.7 \u00b1 18.6 units) differed between treatments. Nonetheless, OR (1.57 vs. 0.87 \u00b1 0.18 units) and TOA (3.44 vs. 1.87 \u00b1 0.45 units) escorted by a reduced TTFP (33 vs. 126 \u00b1 31.9 min) and an increased AMPL (0.55 vs. 0.24 \u00b1 0.9 ng), favored to the BETA supplemented group (p &lt; 0.05), possibly through a GnRH-LH enhanced pathway and(or) a direct effect at ovarian level. Results are relevant to speed-up the out-of-season reproductive outcomes in goats while may embrace translational applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T10:41:52Z","timestamp":1586774512000},"page":"659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Precision Betacarotene Supplementation Enhanced Ovarian Function and the LH Release Pattern in Yearling Crossbred Anestrous Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"No\u00e9 M.","family":"Lopez-Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Universitary Unit on Arid Lands-URUZA, Chapingo Autonomous University, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico"},{"name":"Institute for Graduate Studies-IDEP, University of Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0289-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar A.","family":"Meza-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Universitary Unit on Arid Lands-URUZA, Chapingo Autonomous University, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Perez-Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Graduate Studies-IDEP, University of Cordoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-3068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Blache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Arellano-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Campus Laguna, Torre\u00f3n, Coahuila 27054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Zu\u00f1iga-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Campus Laguna, Torre\u00f3n, Coahuila 27054, Mexico"},{"name":"Juarez University of the State of Durango, G\u00f3mez Palacio, Durango 35010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cayetano","family":"Navarrete-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Universitary Unit on Arid Lands-URUZA, Chapingo Autonomous University, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Garc\u00eda De la Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juarez University of the State of Durango, G\u00f3mez Palacio, Durango 35010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar A.","family":"Rosales-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy and Veterinary Faculty, San Luis Potos\u00ed Autonomous University, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco G.","family":"Veliz-Deras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Campus Laguna, Torre\u00f3n, Coahuila 27054, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.06.001","article-title":"Carotenoids in human nutrition and health","volume":"652","author":"Eggersdorfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0287","article-title":"\u03b2-Carotene and retinol contents in the meat of herbivorous ungulates with special reference to their public health importance","volume":"78","author":"Darwish","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9037","article-title":"Supplementation of prepartum dairy cows with B-carotene","volume":"98","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"496","article-title":"Effect of intramuscularly administered betacarotene on reproductive performance in snows","volume":"123","author":"Krammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)80017-6","article-title":"Adverse effect of beta-carotene in diet on fertility of dairy cows","volume":"70","author":"Folman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2017.09.009","article-title":"The key role of targeted betacarotene supplementation on endocrine and reproductive outcomes in goats: Follicular development, ovulation rate and the GH-IGF-1 axis","volume":"163","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.11.010","article-title":"Does supplementing dairy cows with \u03b2-carotene during the dry period affect postpartum ovarian activity, progesterone, and cervical and uterine involution?","volume":"75","author":"Kaewlamun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01558.x","article-title":"Effect of B-carotene supply during close-up dry period on the onset of first postpartum luteal activity in dairy cows","volume":"45","author":"Kawashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.02.008","article-title":"Relationship between plasma betacarotene concentrations during the peripartum period and ovulation in the first follicular wave postpartum in dairy cows","volume":"111","author":"Kawashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2008.00859.x","article-title":"Short-term intake of \u03b2-carotene-supplemented diets enhances ovarian function and progesterone synthesis in goats","volume":"93","author":"Hallford","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2007.9706872","article-title":"Short-term betacarotene supplementation positively affects ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate in goats","volume":"32","author":"Mellado","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2006016","article-title":"A review of the effects of supplementary nutrition in the ewe on the concentrations of reproductive and metabolic hormones and the mechanism that regulate foliculogenesis and ovulation rate","volume":"46","author":"Scaramuzzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1071\/RD09161","article-title":"Regulation of folliculogenesis and the determination of ovulation rate in ruminants","volume":"23","author":"Scaramuzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/v10136-009-0001-0","article-title":"The kiss-1, kisspeptin, gpr-54 complex: A critical modulator of GnRH neurons during pubertal activation","volume":"8","author":"Wurzinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.06.004","article-title":"Body condition and protein supplementation positively affect periovulatory ovarian activity by non-LH mediated pathways in goats","volume":"106","author":"Hallford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.03.011","article-title":"Glutamate supply positively affects serum release of triiodothyronine and insulin across time without increases of glucose during the onset of puberty in the female goat","volume":"125","author":"Veliz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-006-9405-7","article-title":"Lycopene and other carotenoids inhibit estrogenic activity of 17beta-estradiol and genistein in cancer cells","volume":"104","author":"Hirch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"185","article-title":"Short-term betacarotene supplementation positively affects ovarian activity and serum insulin concentrations in a goat model","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"97","article-title":"Puberty, Kisspeptin and Glutamate: A Ceaseless Golden Braid","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Berhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Astiz, S., and Gonzalez, A. (2012). Interface between Nutrition and Reproduction. Animal Reproduction in Livestock\u2014Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Eolss Publishers."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00653","article-title":"The gonadoprin-releasing hormone pulse generator","volume":"159","author":"Herbison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-014-0427-1","article-title":"Biologically active substances-enriched diet regulates gonadotrope cell activation pathway in liver of adult and old rats","volume":"9","author":"Oszkiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2002.00338.x","article-title":"Vitamin A and betacarotene levels in plasma: Corpus luteum and follicular fluid of cyclic and pregnant cattle","volume":"37","author":"Haliloglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.21608\/ejap.2015.93629","article-title":"Effect of beta-carotene injection on estrus, vitamin A and estradiol-17-\u03b2 concentrations in pubertal Farafra ewe lambs","volume":"52","author":"Salem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt J. Anim. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.04.004","article-title":"Glutamate supply positively affects cholesterol concentrations without increases in total protein and urea around the onset of puberty in goats","volume":"147","author":"Serradilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2013.10.017","article-title":"Long-Term Betacarotene supplementation positively affects serum triiodothyronine concentrations around puberty onset in female goats","volume":"116","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.17221\/1\/2016-CJAS","article-title":"Beta-carotene supplementation positively affects selected blood metabolites across time around the onset of puberty in goats","volume":"62","author":"Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"FASS (2010). Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, Federation Animal Science Society. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"NAM-National Academy of Medicine (2002). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Co-Produced by the National Academy of Medicine\u2014Mexico and the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International, Harlan. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"NRC\u2014National Research Council (1998). Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy and Meat Goats in Temperature and Tropical Countries, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC. [15th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(87)90210-X","article-title":"Influence of suckling status and type of birth on serum hormone profiles and return to estrus early pospartum spring lambing ewes","volume":"27","author":"Hoefler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"E310","article-title":"Algorithms for the study of episodic hormone secretion","volume":"243","author":"Merriam","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(80)90039-1","article-title":"Increased plasma LH levels in seasonally anovular Merino ewes following the introduction of rams","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9830369","article-title":"Effects of progesterone on the responses of Merino ewes to the introduction of rams during anoestrus","volume":"36","author":"Martin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00066-7","article-title":"Determination of corpora lutea numbers in Booroola\u2014Texel ewes using transrectal ultrasound","volume":"51","author":"Dickie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7641216x","article-title":"Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures","volume":"76","author":"Littell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00807.x","article-title":"Effects of body condition and protein supplementation on LH secretion and luteal function in sheep","volume":"42","author":"Ross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Degenovine, K.M. (2011). Limiting Factors and Strategies for Improving Reproductive Outputs of Small Ruminant Reared in Semiarid Environments. Semi-Arid Environments: Agriculture, Water Supply and Vegetation, Nova Science Publishers Inc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00536","article-title":"Short-term nutritional supplementation of ewes in low body condition affects follicle development due to an increase in glucose and metabolic hormones","volume":"129","author":"Forsberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(88)80017-7","article-title":"Endocrine responses and estrous activity in Holstein heifers fed supplemental betacarotene","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.06.044","article-title":"Effect of selenium supplementation on attainment of puberty in Saanen male goat kids","volume":"138","author":"Mojapelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.06.003","article-title":"Effect of hormonal synchronization and\/or short-term supplementation with maize on follicular dynamics and hormone profiles in goats during the non-breeding season","volume":"171","author":"Nogueira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.713730x","article-title":"Uptake of orally administered B-carotene by blood plasma, leukocytes and lipoproteins in calves","volume":"71","author":"Chew","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-019-00702-y","article-title":"Increased levels of superoxide dismutase suppress meiotic segregation errors in aging oocytes","volume":"128","author":"Perkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-019-00373-0","article-title":"\u03b2-carotene improves oocyte development and maturation under oxidative stress in vitro","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2015.07.006","article-title":"The protective effects of beta-carotene against ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rat ovarian tissue","volume":"117","author":"Toktay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.217620","article-title":"Serum antioxidants are associated with serum reproductive hormones and ovulation among healthy woman","volume":"146","author":"Mumford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/4\/659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:17:24Z","timestamp":1760174244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/4\/659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10040659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10040659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]}}}