{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:30:56Z","timestamp":1787027456174,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA 1708\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 1708\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE3703\/12-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE3703\/12-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we aimed to investigate the ileum digesta of a large cohort of Japanese quail fed the same diet, with similar environmental conditions. We also address how P utilization (PU), Ca utilization (CaU), and bird performance (feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), and body weight gain (BWG)) modify intestinal microbiota of male and female quail. Despite the great number of samples analyzed (760), a core microbiome was composed of five bacteria. The Unc. Lactobacillus, Unc. Clostridaceae 1, Clostridium sensu stricto, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus alactolyticus were detected in all samples and contributed to more than 70% of the total community. Depending on the bird predisposition for PU, CaU, FI, BWG, and FC, those species were present in higher or lower abundances. There was a significant gender effect on the ileal microbial community. While females had higher abundances of Lactobacillus, males were more colonized by Streptococcus alactolyticus. The entire cohort was highly colonized by Escherichia coli (8%\u201315%), an enteropathogenic bacteria. It remains unclear, if microbiota composition followed the mechanisms that caused different PU, CaU, FI, FC, and BWG or if the change in microbiota composition and function caused the differences in PU, CaU, and performance traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T02:48:24Z","timestamp":1589942904000},"page":"885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects on the Ileal Microbiota of Phosphorus and Calcium Utilization, Bird Performance, and Gender in Japanese Quail"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Borda-Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9980-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"H\u00e9rnandez-Arriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Rissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solveig","family":"Vollmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3156-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Rodehutscord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Bennewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7814-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Camarinha-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(96)00028-0","article-title":"The behavior of the Japanese or domestic quail Coturnix japonica","volume":"21","author":"Mills","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.129.3344.267","article-title":"Coturnix quail as a laboratory research animal","volume":"129","author":"Padgett","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.8.1646","article-title":"Effects of the dominant lethal yellow mutation on reproduction, growth, feed consumption, body temperature, and body composition of the Japanese quail","volume":"86","author":"Minvielle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubrecht, R., and Kirkwood, J.K. (2010). The Japanese Quail. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals, Wiley-Blackwell. [8th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444318777"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.8.1252","article-title":"Comparative studies with three-week-old chickens, turkeys, ducks, and quails on the response in phosphorus utilization to a supplementation of monobasic calcium phosphate","volume":"84","author":"Rodehutscord","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7280-z","article-title":"The gastrointestinal tract microbiota of the Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica","volume":"100","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12442","article-title":"Unique and shared responses of the gut microbiota to prolonged fasting: A comparative study across five classes of vertebrate hosts","volume":"90","author":"Kohl","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01092","article-title":"The effect of diet and host genotype on ceca microbiota of Japanese quail fed a cholesterol enriched diet","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01163","article-title":"Quantitative genetic background of the host influences gut microbiomes in chickens","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01788","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01788","article-title":"The avian gut microbiota: Community, physiology and function in wild birds","volume":"49","author":"Grond","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Avian Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ptak, A., Bedford, M.R., Swiatkiewicz, S., Zyla, K., and Jozefiak, D. (2015). Phytase modulates ileal microbiota and enhances growth performance of the broiler chickens. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119770"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2033","article-title":"Insights into Broilers\u2019 Gut Microbiota Fed with Phosphorus, Calcium, and Phytase Supplemented Diets","volume":"7","author":"Vital","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev376","article-title":"Inferring relationships between Phosphorus utilization, feed per gain, and bodyweight gain in an F2 cross of Japanese quail using recursive models","volume":"95","author":"Beck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungsphysiologie (GfE) (2004). Proceedings Society Nutrition Physiologie: Empfelungen zur Energie- und N\u00e4hrstoffversorgung von Mastputen, DLG Verlag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez398","article-title":"Genetic parameters for bone ash and phosphorus utilization in an F2 cross of Japanese quail","volume":"98","author":"Bennewitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Arriaga, A., Baumann, A., Witte, O.W., Frahm, C., Bergheim, I., and Camarinha-Silva, A. (2019). Changes in Oral Microbial Ecology of C57BL\/6 Mice at Different Ages Associated with Sampling Methodology. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090283"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5642-5645.2005","article-title":"Presence of two different active nirS nitrite reductase genes in a denitrifying Thauera sp. from a high-nitrate-removal-rate reactor","volume":"71","author":"Etchebehere","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lane, D.J. (1991). Nucleic acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics: 16S\/23S rRNA Sequencing, Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26083-3","article-title":"Early Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs disrupts Microbiome composition and functionality principally at the ileum mucosa","volume":"8","author":"Carvajal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3330","article-title":"Uniting the classification of cultured and uncultured bacteria and archaea using 16S rRNA gene sequences","volume":"12","author":"Yarza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2307\/1942268","article-title":"An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of Southern Wisconsin","volume":"27","author":"Bray","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Clarke, K.R., and Warwick, R.M. (2001). Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, PRIMER-E."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002891","article-title":"Use of red pepper oil in quail diets and its effect on performance, carcass measurements, intestinal microbiota, antioxidant indices, immunity and blood constituents","volume":"14","author":"Reda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20508-9","article-title":"Interaction of genotype and diet on small intestine microbiota of Japanese quail fed a cholesterol enriched diet","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2018.03.002","article-title":"Current perspectives of the chicken gastrointestinal tract and its microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Seifert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5432","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez327","article-title":"Heat shock protein 70 protects the quail cecum against oxidant stress, inflammatory injury, and microbiota imbalance induced by cold stress","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/d5030627","article-title":"Untangling the Genetic Basis of Fibrolytic Specialization by Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in Diverse Gut Communities","volume":"5","author":"Biddle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2012.311.315","article-title":"Influence of a Probiotic Containing Lactobacillus fermentum on the Laying Performance and Egg Quality of Japanese Quails","volume":"11","author":"Kalsum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390601106655","article-title":"Effects of Enterococcus faecium and dried whey on broiler performance, gut histomorphology and intestinal microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Samli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024027923824","article-title":"Reduction of Salmonella in gnotobiotic Japanese quails caused by the enterocin A-producing EK13 strain of Enterococcus Faecium","volume":"27","author":"Guba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e91941","article-title":"Development of the Ileal Microbiota in Three Broiler Breeds","volume":"7","author":"Fothergill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.237","article-title":"Succession of the turkey gastrointestinal bacterial microbiome related to weight gain","volume":"1","author":"Danzeisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00362-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00362-18","article-title":"A Consistent and Predictable Commercial Broiler Chicken Bacterial Microbiota in Antibiotic-Free Production Displays Strong Correlations with Performance","volume":"84","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01968","article-title":"Intestinal Morphologic and Microbiota Responses to Dietary Bacillus spp. in a Broiler Chicken Model","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-017-1944-x","article-title":"A Bacillus subtilis strain as probiotic in poultry: Selection based on in vitro functional properties and enzymatic potentialities","volume":"44","author":"Hmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-019-1660-5","article-title":"Phosphate-solubilizing Bacillus sp. enhances growth, phosphorus uptake and oil yield of Mentha arvensis L.","volume":"9","author":"Prakash","year":"2019","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeid, A., Prochownik, E., and Dobrowolska-Iwanek, J. (2018). Phosphorus Solubilization by Bacillus Species. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112897"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1460461","article-title":"Body growth, intestinal morphology and microflora of quail on diets supplemented with micronised wheat fibre","volume":"59","author":"Rezaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03982","article-title":"A pilot study of the genetic variation of phosphorus utilization in young Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"93","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.022","article-title":"The influence of a probiotic supplementation on memory in quail suggests a role of gut microbiota on cognitive abilities in birds","volume":"331","author":"Parois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00603","article-title":"Absence of Gut Microbiota Reduces Emotional Reactivity in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"9","author":"Kraimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1515\/biolog-2017-0004","article-title":"Effectiveness of non-antibiotic stimulators in Japanese quail diet: Gender comparison and economical annex","volume":"72","author":"Capcarova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00254","article-title":"Chicken Gut Microbiota: Importance and Detection Technology","volume":"5","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2002","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2002","article-title":"A low dose of an organophosphate insecticide causes dysbiosis and sex-dependent responses in the intestinal microbiota of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"4","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20040017","article-title":"Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities, with special reference to the chicken","volume":"60","author":"Apajalahti","year":"2004","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03213","article-title":"Reduced environmental bacterial load during early development and gut colonisation has detrimental health consequences in Japanese quail","volume":"6","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witzig, M., Carminha-Silva, A., Camarinha da Silva, A., Green-Engert, R., Hoelzle, K., Zeller, E., Seifert, J., Hoelzle, L.E., and Rodehutscord, M. (2015). Spatial Variation of the Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chickens as Affected by Dietary Available Phosphorus and Assessed by T-RFLP Analysis and 454 Pyrosequencing. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143442"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(84)80004-1","article-title":"Taxonomic studies on Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus equinus: Description of Streptococcus alactolyticus sp. nov. and Streptococcus saccharolyticus sp. nov","volume":"5","author":"Farrow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W.-Y., Lee, Y., Lu, H., Chou, C.-H., and Wang, C. (2019). Analysis of gut microbiota and the effect of lauric acid against necrotic enteritis in Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria side-by-side challenge model. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205784"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.966055","article-title":"Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in common quail (Coturnix coturnix)","volume":"43","author":"Dipineto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/5\/885\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:30:23Z","timestamp":1760175023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/5\/885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10050885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10050885","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]}}}