{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:31:32Z","timestamp":1790710292245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","award":["20150592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20150592"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although over-nutrition from overfeeding-induced obesity is known to be highly associated with metabolic and immunological disorders in humans, little is known about overfeeding-induced obesity in fish farming. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in immuno-physiological parameters, to better understand the potential risk of overfeeding\u2013induced obesity in fish. Commercial feed was provided to fish in the overfed group until they refuse to eat, but fish in the control group was fed with the feed at 1% bodyweight per day. The hemato-serological, histological, and immunological changes were observed at weeks 2 and 8. Rainbow trout leukocytes were co-incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), and the phagocytes engulfing the OxLDL and the presence of apoptotic cells were evaluated. The body weight, body mass index (BMI), and hepatosomatic index (HSI) index were significantly higher in the overfed group, and high lipid accumulation and fatty changes were also observed in their livers, indicating that the feeding regime used in this study led to overfeeding-induced obesity. Likewise, much higher numbers of and larger vacuoles were observed in overfed fish macrophages, showing unclear boundaries between the cytoplasm and extracellular space. In the overfed group, the expression of IL-10, HSP70, TLR2, and CD36 was significantly higher, and lymphocyte apoptosis was more evident, indicating that overfeeding-induced obese fish might have immunologic disorders. This was the first study to demonstrate that overfeeding-induced obesity could cause an immune-physiological imbalance in rainbow trout, making them more vulnerable to infectious diseases and various stressful conditions. This study will contribute to improvements in fish nutrition, feeding practices, fish nutrition, and disease prevention in the aquaculture industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T09:30:07Z","timestamp":1598347807000},"page":"1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Overfeeding-Induced Obesity Could Cause Potential Immuno-Physiological Disorders in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"HyeongJin","family":"Roh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahran","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteome Biophysics, Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nameun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonhang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1513-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo Seong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan 46083, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Vijayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu Kun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Aquatic Organism Disease Inspector Association, Busan 46008, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan-Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology &amp; Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do-Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2006.01532.x","article-title":"Effect of feeding level on growth and nutrient deposition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) growing from 150 to 600 g","volume":"37","author":"Bureau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquac. 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