{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:10:11Z","timestamp":1760238611720,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) can affect the CNS alone or the CNS and craniofacial structures. Here, we report an unusual and complex congenital cephalic malformation observed in a 3-day-old male crossbreed calf. Clinical examination disclosed a dome-shaped cranial vault, a flat face with a short snout, a median cleft lip, and increased intraorbital distance. The frontal region of the head was remarkable for a fluctuant, sac-like protrusion covered with haired skin. Neurologic findings suggested a multifocal intracranial lesion affecting the prosencephalon and the central vestibular system. While pathological and histopathological findings posited for a presumptive diagnosis of either hydranencephaly or holoprosencephaly associated with multiple congenital facial abnormalities, not all the findings could be definitely attributed to either of the two encephalic malformations alone. To our knowledge, a similar combination of severe congenital abnormalities affecting both the CNS and the craniofacial structures has not been reported in calves to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T22:00:17Z","timestamp":1598824817000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multiple Cephalic Malformations in a Calf"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Di Muro","family":"G.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1287-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cagnotti","family":"G.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bellino","family":"C.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Capucchio","family":"M.T.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colombino","family":"E.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5924-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u2019Angelo","family":"A.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"De Lahunta, A., and Noden, D.M. (1985). Embryology of Domestic Animals: Developmental Mechanisms and Malformations, Williams & Wilkins. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hyttel, P., Sinowatz, F., and Vejlsted, M. (2010). Essentials of Domestic Animal Embryology, Saunders\/Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30673-3","article-title":"Congenital Defects of the Bovine Central Nervous System","volume":"9","author":"Leipold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"De Lahunta, A., Glass, E., and Kent, M. (2015). Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology, Elsevier\/Saunders. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Summers, B.A., Cummings, J.F., and de Lahunta, A. (1995). Veterinary Neuropathology, Mosby. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0020","article-title":"Low-field magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of a calf with aqueductal stenosis caused by web: Comparison with normal calves","volume":"81","author":"Hori","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.10.961","article-title":"The median cleft face syndrome","volume":"17","author":"DeMyer","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.61.1147","article-title":"Craniofacial Skeletal Abnormalities in Anomalous Calves with Clefts of the Face","volume":"61","author":"Moritomo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0177-0","article-title":"Phenotypic classification of variability of non-syndromic congenital cleft lip and jaw in Vorderwald \u00d7 Montb\u00e9liarde cattle","volume":"57","author":"Reinartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"155","article-title":"Median Facial Malformations and Their Implications for Brain Malformations","volume":"11","author":"DeMyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Uemura, E.E. (2015). Fundamentals of Canine Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology, Wiley Blackwell. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umair, M., Ahmad, F., Bilal, M., and Arshad, M. (2018). Frontonasal dysplasia: A review. J. Biochem. Clin. Genet., 66\u201376.","DOI":"10.24911\/JBCGenetics\/183-1530765389"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.351140040","article-title":"Holoprosencephaly: A Survey of the Entity, with Embryology and Fetal Imaging","volume":"35","author":"Winter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0145-8","article-title":"Virus-induced congenital malformations in cattle","volume":"57","author":"Agerholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Vandevelde, M., Higgins, R.J., and Oevermann, A. (2012). Veterinary Neuropathology, Wiley Blackwell. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687819","article-title":"Holoprosencephaly in a Bovine Calf","volume":"67","author":"Cho","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisipan, M.L., Nyaga, S.N., Thuo, J.N., Nyakego, P.O., Orenge, C.O., and Ojoo, R.O. (2020). Lobar holoprosencephaly with craniofacial defects in a Friesian calf: A case report. Vet. Med. Sci., vms3.244.","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.244"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb15955.x","article-title":"Holoprosencephaly in Border Leicester lambs","volume":"64","author":"Roth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.34.2.256","article-title":"The face predicts the brain: Diagnostic significance of median facial anomalies for holoprosencephaly (Arhynencephaly)","volume":"34","author":"DeMyer","year":"1964","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30238","article-title":"Neuroimaging advances in holoprosencephaly: Refining the spectrum of the midline malformation","volume":"154C","author":"Hahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30249","article-title":"Neuropathology of holoprosencephaly","volume":"154C","author":"Marcorelles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.10.004","article-title":"Akabane, Aino and Schmallenberg virus \u2014 where do we stand and what do we know about the role of domestic ruminant hosts and Culicoides vectors in virus transmission and overwintering?","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2366","article-title":"Akabane virus infection","volume":"34","author":"Kirkland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Scietifique Tech. Int. Off. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-019-0147-3","article-title":"Schmallenberg virus: A systematic international literature review (2011\u20132019) from an Irish perspective","volume":"72","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3982","article-title":"Characterizing the Pattern of Anomalies in Congenital Zika Syndrome for Pediatric Clinicians","volume":"171","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00023","article-title":"Susceptibility of Chicken Embryos, Sheep, Cattle, Pigs, and Chickens to Zika Virus Infection","volume":"7","author":"Ambagala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/9\/1532\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:52Z","timestamp":1760177092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/9\/1532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10091532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10091532","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]]}}}