{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T10:36:39Z","timestamp":1769769399266,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Comparative behavioural studies help reconstruct the phylogeny of closely related species. In that respect, the serows Capricornis spp. occupy an important position as they have been assumed to be the closest forms to the ancestors of Caprinae. In spite of that, information on the behavioural repertoire of the mainland serow Capricornis sumatraensis is exceedingly poor. In this paper, we report data on the activity rhythms and social behaviour of rutting mainland serows in captivity (Central Thailand, January 1986; January\u2013February 1987). Activity was bimodal with peaks in mid-afternoon and late night. Resting and ruminating peaked at noon and twilight. Four patterns of marking behaviour were observed out of a total of 1900 events. Males and females were found to use different marking sites and frequencies. A total of 33 social behaviour patterns were observed: 18 patterns concerned agonistic behaviour, whereas 15 patterns were relevant to courtship behaviour. A comparison across Caprinae species with unritualised piercing weapons (i.e., Capricornis, Naemorhedus, Rupicapra, Budorcas, and Hemitragus) has shown that inter-sexual direct forms of aggressive behaviour are used significantly more often than indirect ones, but for chamois, confirming Rupicapra spp. as the most advanced genus among them in terms of an early ritualisation of weapons. Conversely, horns of the goral Nemorhaedus spp. and the serow lie on the same plane of the frontal bones, thus making possible the usage of a dominance display through frontal pushing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T20:44:13Z","timestamp":1600289053000},"page":"1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["On the Behavioural Biology of the Mainland Serow: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Lovari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 di Ricerca in Ecologia Comportamentale, Etologia e Gestione della Fauna\u2013Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Maremma Natural History Museum, Strada Corsini, 5, 58100 Grosseto, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8108-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 di Ricerca in Ecologia Comportamentale, Etologia e Gestione della Fauna\u2013Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva Luna","family":"Procaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 di Ricerca in Ecologia Comportamentale, Etologia e Gestione della Fauna\u2013Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alcock, J. (1984). Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective, Sinauer Editions."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/4079047","article-title":"The role of dominance in the social life of birds","volume":"56","author":"Noble","year":"1939","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/409720","article-title":"On territoriality in ungulates and an evolutionary model","volume":"52","year":"1977","journal-title":"Quart. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/h0072265","article-title":"Concerning animal perception","volume":"14","author":"Mead","year":"1907","journal-title":"Psychol. 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