{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:14:09Z","timestamp":1778922849228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2817HS016, 2817HS013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2817HS016, 2817HS013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of four local anesthetics on pain relief during surgical castration under standardized conditions in conscious piglets. Therefore, 71 male piglets (three to seven days) were distributed into control groups (handling, castration without anesthesia or analgesia) and local anesthetic trial groups (procaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine). Then, 20 min prior to castration, animals of the treatment groups, except piglets in the handling group, received an injection of a local anesthetic or sodium chloride of 0.5 mL intratesticularly and 0.5 mL subscrotally. During injection and castration, defensive behavior was evaluated. Locomotor activity, as well as postoperative bleeding, wound healing and average daily weight gain were assessed to detect side effects. The injection caused increased defensive movements, significantly in the bupivacaine group. Lidocaine and mepivacaine significantly reduced defensive movements during castration, and procaine and bupivacaine only during severing of the spermatic cord. Impairments of locomotor activity were found in piglets injected with lidocaine, bupivacaine or sodium chloride. Considering healing, bleeding and weight gain, no negative impacts were observed. In conclusion, lidocaine and mepivacaine were able to achieve significant pain relief during the castration procedure, whereas procaine and bupivacaine only during the severing of the spermatic cord. Moreover, the injection of bupivacaine seemed to be painful itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1601280178000},"page":"1752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Local Anesthesia in Piglets Undergoing Castration\u2014A Comparative Study to Investigate the Analgesic Effects of Four Local Anesthetics Based on Defensive Behavior and Side Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nora","family":"Abendsch\u00f6n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4463-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffanie","family":"Senf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7226-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Deffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Grott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Saller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Zablotski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shana","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Erhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Ritzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Z\u00f6ls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109004674","article-title":"Practice on castration of piglets in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Fredriksen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Aggressive and sexual behaviour of growing and finishing pigs reared in groups, without castration","volume":"56","author":"Rydhmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Agric. 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