{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:13:00Z","timestamp":1791670380799,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately one in 10 people experiencing homelessness have pets. Despite the psychosocial benefits derived from pet ownership, systemic and structural barriers can prevent this group from meeting their basic needs and exiting homelessness. A multilevel framework is proposed for improving the health and well-being of pet owners experiencing homelessness. Informed by a One Health approach, the framework identifies interventions at the policy, public, and direct service delivery levels. Policy interventions are proposed to increase the supply of pet-friendly emergency shelters, access to market rental housing and veterinary medicine, and the use of a Housing First approach. At the public level, educational interventions are needed to improve knowledge and reduce stigma about the relationship between homelessness and pet ownership. Direct service providers can support pet owners experiencing homelessness by recognizing their strengths, connecting them to community services, being aware of the risks associated with pet loss, providing harm reduction strategies, documenting animals as emotional support animals, and engaging in advocacy. By targeting policies and service approaches that exacerbate the hardships faced by pet owners experiencing homelessness, the framework is a set of deliberate actions to better support a group that is often overlooked or unaccommodated in efforts to end homelessness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T21:42:21Z","timestamp":1602798141000},"page":"1869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Multilevel Intervention Framework for Supporting People Experiencing Homelessness with Pets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5219-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Kerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Lem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Veterinary Outreach, Carp, ON K0A 1L0, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Veterinary Outreach, Carp, ON K0A 1L0, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Ridgewood, NY 11385, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmony","family":"Rhoades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gaetz, S., Dej, E., Richter, T., and Redman, M. 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