{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:08:14Z","timestamp":1790741294139,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) is a questionnaire instrument developed to obtain quantitative data on the domestic equine triad of training, management, and behaviour of horses. The E-BARQ was developed to identify how changes in training and management impact behaviour over time, to define normal behaviour in horses, and to discover how to improve rider safety and horse welfare, leading to ethical equitation. During the development of the E-BARQ, we also investigated how best to motivate stakeholders to engage with this citizen science project. The pilot version of the E-BARQ collected qualitative data on respondents\u2019 experience of the questionnaire. The pilot questionnaire was developed with the assistance of an international panel (with professional expertise in horse training, equitation science, veterinary science, equestrian coaching, welfare, animal behaviour, and elite-level riding), and was used to collect data on 1320 horses from approximately 1194 owner\/caregiver respondents, with an option for respondents to provide free-text feedback. A Rotated Principal Component Analysis of the 218 behavioural, management, and training questionnaire items extracted a total of 65 rotated components. Thirty-six of the 65 rotated components demonstrated high internal reliability. Of the 218 questionnaire items, 43 items failed to reach the Rotated Principal Component Analysis criteria and were not included in the final version of the E-BARQ. Survey items that failed the Rotated Principal Component Analysis inclusion criteria were discarded if found to have a less than 85% response rate, or a variance of less than 1.3. Of those that survived the Rotated Principal Component Analysis, items were further assigned to horse temperament (17 rotated components), equitation (11 rotated components), and management and equipment (8 rotated components) groups. The feedback from respondents indicated the need for further items to be added to the questionnaire, resulting in a total of 214 items for the final E-BARQ survey. Many of these items were further grouped into question matrices, and the demographic items for horse and handler included, giving a final total of 97 questions on the E-BARQ questionnaire. These results provided content validity, showing that the questionnaire items were an acceptable representation of the entire horse training, management, and behavioural domain for the development of the final E-BARQ questionnaire.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10111960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T03:51:47Z","timestamp":1603684307000},"page":"1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Development of a Novel Questionnaire Approach to the Investigation of Horse Training, Management, and Behaviour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Fenner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Dashper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Events, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Serpell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6971-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equitation Science International, 3 Wonderland Ave, Tuerong, Victoria 3915, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saddletops Pty Ltd., Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Klinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dre Mary Klinck, m.v., consultante en comportement, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7220-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"McGreevy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.09.008","article-title":"The advent of equitation science","volume":"174","author":"McGreevy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2010.04.001","article-title":"Ethical equitation: Applying a cost-benefit approach","volume":"5","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2013.03.002","article-title":"The X files: Xenophon re-examined through the lens of equitation science","volume":"8","author":"Boot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.10.011","article-title":"The fine line between pressure and pain\u2014Ask the horse","volume":"188","author":"McGreevy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Equestre Internationale (2020, October 01). Dressage Rules. Available online: https:\/\/inside.fei.org\/fei\/disc\/dressage\/rules."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.10.005","article-title":"Behind the vertical and behind the times","volume":"202","author":"McGreevy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2010.04.002","article-title":"Horse-training techniques that may defy the principles of learning theory and compromise welfare","volume":"5","author":"McLean","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, Y.S., White, P., Starling, M., and McGreevy, P. (2016). The Effect of Noseband Tightening on Horses\u2019 Behavior, Eye Temperature, and Cardiac Responses. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154179"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Telatin, A., Franklin, J., Bargali, P., and Greene, E. (2017, January 22\u201326). A pilot study: Can whip use changes to improve equine welfare have unintended consequences?. Proceedings of the 13th International Equitation Science Conference, Wagga Wagga, Australia."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hood, J., McDonald, C., Wilson, B., McManus, P., and McGreevy, P. (2017). Whip rule breaches in a major Australian racing jurisdiction: Welfare and regulatory implications. Animals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7010004"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1163\/15685306-12341343","article-title":"Tools of the Trade or Part of the Family? Horses in Competitive Equestrian Sport","volume":"22","author":"Dashper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Anim."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weller, D., Franklin, S., Shea, G., White, P., Fenner, K., Wilson, B., Wilkins, C., and McGreevy, P. (2020). The Reported Use of Nosebands in Racing and Equestrian Pursuits. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050776"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00196-4","article-title":"Effects of individual versus group stabling on social behaviour in domestic stallions","volume":"75","author":"Christensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2746\/095777309X383883","article-title":"Effects of different forms of exercise on post inhibitory rebound and unwanted behaviour in stabled horses","volume":"41","author":"Freire","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.137.2.36","article-title":"The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling","volume":"137","author":"McGreevy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, K., Hyde, M., Crean, A., and McGreevy, P. (2020). Identifying Sources of Potential Bias When Using Online Survey Data to Explore Horse Training, Management, and Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030140"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.05.003","article-title":"Cutting to the chase: How round-pen, lunging and high-speed liberty work may compromise horse welfare","volume":"29","author":"Fenner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12204","article-title":"Number, causes and destinations of horses leaving the Australian Thoroughbred and Standardbred racing industries","volume":"92","author":"Thomson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.04.003","article-title":"Is safety valued in the Australian pony market?","volume":"6","author":"Hawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.07.001","article-title":"Do vendors value safety in the Australian recreational (non-Thoroughbred) riding horse market?","volume":"9","author":"Oddie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.12.004","article-title":"Do vendors value safety in Thoroughbred horses in the Australian recreational riding horse market?","volume":"9","author":"McGreevy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/10888700802101064","article-title":"Overshadowing: A Silver Lining to a Dark Cloud in Horse Training","volume":"11","author":"McLean","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. Equit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00567.x","article-title":"The use of equipment and training practices and the prevalence of owner-reported ridden behaviour problems in UK leisure horses","volume":"45","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, S., Hitchens, P., and Fortington, L. (2018). Hospital-treated injuries from horse riding in Victoria, Australia: Time to refocus on injury prevention?. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000321"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101280","article-title":"Spinal injuries resulting from horse riding accidents","volume":"40","author":"Silver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00541.x","article-title":"Misbehaviour in Pony Club horses: Incidence and risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Buckley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.01.013","article-title":"Development and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet dogs","volume":"123","author":"Hsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGreevy, P., Georgevsky, D., Carrasco, J., Valenzuela, M., Duffy, D., and Serpell, J. (2013). Dog behavior co-varies with height, bodyweight and skull shape. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080529"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGreevy, P., Wilson, B., Starling, M., and Serpell, J. (2018). Behavioural risks in male dogs with minimal lifetime exposure to gonadal hormones may complicate population-control benefits of desexing. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196284"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starling, M., Fawcett, A., Wilson, B., Serpell, J., and McGreevy, P. (2019). Behavioural risks in female dogs with minimal lifetime exposure to gonadal hormones. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223709"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"20190716","article-title":"Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour","volume":"286","author":"Maclean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapata, I., Serpell, J., and Alvarez, C. (2016). Genetic mapping of canine fear and aggression. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2936-3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, H., McGreevy, P., Starling, M., and Forkman, B. (2016). Associations between domestic dog morphology and behaviour scores in the Dog Mentality Assessment. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149403"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camargo, F., Gombeski, W., Barger, P., Jehlik, C., Wiemers, H., Mead, J., and Lawyer, A. (2018). Horse-related injuries: Causes, preventability, and where educational efforts should be focused. Cogent Food Agric., 4.","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2018.1432168"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, October 23). Qualtrics XM. Available online: https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/au\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dashper, K. (2017). Human-Animal Relationships in Equestrian Sport and Leisure, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315678139"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, K., Matlock, S., Williams, J., Wilson, B., McLean, A., Serpell, J., and McGreevy, P. (2020). Validation of the Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ): A new survey instrument for exploring and monitoring the domestic equine triad. Animals, Under review.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10111982"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/11\/1960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:27:36Z","timestamp":1760178456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/11\/1960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10111960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10111960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]}}}