{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:27:03Z","timestamp":1781821623149,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) remain a concerning cause of racehorse morbidity and mortality with important ethical and welfare consequences. Previous research examining risk factors for MSI report inconsistent findings. Age is thought to affect MSI risk, but, to date, there have been no prospective studies comparing MSI in two-year-old versus older horses. This study aimed to: (1) determine the incidence of MSI for two-year-old and older horses, and whether this was affected by training track, season, or rainfall, and (2) determine the types of MSI affecting two-year-old and older horses, and whether horses trialled or raced after injury. A prospective survey was conducted with data collected through personal structured weekly interviews with participating trainers over a 13-month period. Data were analysed using Poisson regression. The incidence of MSI in the current study was low (0.6%). The incidence of MSI in two-year-old horses was higher than older horses (p &lt; 0.001). Types of MSI varied between two-year-old and older horses (p &lt; 0.001) and affected whether horses subsequently trailed or raced from 11 to 23 months after injury (p &lt; 0.001). A larger proportion of two-year-old horses had dorsal metacarpal disease and traumatic lacerations. A smaller proportion of two-year-old horses had suspensory ligament desmitis, superficial digital flexor tendonitis, proximal sesamoid bone fractures, and fetlock joint injuries than older horses. Training track and rainfall did not affect MSI. The season affected MSI in two-year-old horses (p &lt; 0.001) but not older horses. The major limitation was that trainers in this study were metropolitan (city) and our findings may not be generalisable to racehorses in regional (country) areas. Another significant limitation was the assumption that MSI was the reason for failure to trial or race after injury. In conclusion, the incidence of MSI was low in the current study and the types and the risk factors for MSI are different for two-year-old and older horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T19:38:41Z","timestamp":1604605121000},"page":"2046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence and Type of Musculoskeletal Injuries Vary between Two-Year-Old and Older Thoroughbred Racehorses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kylie L.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, 4343 Gatton, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, 4006 Herston, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Finnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, 4006 Herston, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ristan M.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Torus Research, 4035 Bridgeman Downs, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 4006 Herston, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1926-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive J. C.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, 6845 Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon M.","family":"Woldeyohannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, 4343 Gatton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel R.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, 4343 Gatton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Ahern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, 4343 Gatton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02389.x","article-title":"An assessment of wastage in Thoroughbred racing from conception to 4 years of age","volume":"14","author":"Jeffcott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Equine Vet. 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