{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:39:33Z","timestamp":1783762773142,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the sedative and physiological effects following either oral transmucosal (OTM) or intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine\u2013methadone combination in healthy dogs. Thirty dogs were randomly assigned to receive a dexmedetomidine\u2013methadone combination either by the OTM (n = 15) or intramuscular (n = 15) route. Sedation was scored 10, 20, and 30 min after drugs administration. Heart rate (HR), non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), respiratory rate (fR), and body rectal temperature were recorded before drugs administration and then every 10 min for 30 min. Propofol dose required for orotracheal intubation was recorded. Sedation scores increased over time within both groups with higher values in intramuscular group (p &lt; 0.05). Within each group, HR decreased significantly compared with baseline (p &lt; 0.001) and was significantly lower in intramuscular group compared with the OTM group (p &lt; 0.001). In both groups, NIBP increased significantly compared with baseline (p &lt; 0.05). In the intramuscular group, fR was lower compared with the OTM group at all the observational time points (p &lt; 0.001). Propofol dose was lower in the intramuscular group (p &lt; 0.05). Compared to intramuscular dexmedetomidine\u2013methadone, OTM combination produced lower but effective sedation in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T09:09:30Z","timestamp":1604653770000},"page":"2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oral Transmucosal or Intramuscular Administration of Dexmedetomidine\u2013Methadone Combination in Dogs: Sedative and Physiological Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-6939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Gioeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica Alessandra","family":"Brioschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Di Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3149-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Rabbogliatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro Clinico Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Amari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro Clinico Veterinario e Zootecnico Sperimentale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Zanzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6232-4850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Cagnardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5292-8722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Ravasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brioschi, F.A., Di Cesare, F., Gioeni, D., Rabbogliatti, V., Ferrari, F., D\u2019Urso, E.S., Amari, M., and Ravasio, G. (2020). Oral Transmucosal Cannabidiol Oil Formulation as Part of a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen: Effects on Pain Relief and Quality of Life Improvement in Dogs Affected by Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091505"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Oral transmucosal administration of dexmedetomidine for sedation in 4 dogs","volume":"56","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12076","article-title":"Sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine after oral transmucosal or intramuscular administration in cats","volume":"41","author":"Porters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.3.318","article-title":"Efficacy of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of buprenorphine before surgery for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"238","author":"Ko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12172","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine combined with buprenorphine in cats","volume":"38","author":"Porters","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.6.764","article-title":"Plasma concentrations and behavioral, antinociceptive, and physiologic effects of methadone after intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in cats","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2005.00677.x","article-title":"PK-PD modeling of buprenorphine in cats: Intravenous and oral transmucosal administration 1","volume":"28","author":"Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2012.10.004","article-title":"The use of oral transmucosal detomidine hydrochloride gel to facilitate handling in dogs","volume":"8","author":"Hopfensperger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.03.009","article-title":"Thermal antinociception after dexmedetomidine administration in cats: A comparison between intramuscular and oral transmucosal administration","volume":"11","author":"Slingsby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparing oral and intramuscular administration of medetomidine in cats","volume":"25","author":"Ansah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12090","article-title":"Bioavailability of morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone following buccal administration in cats","volume":"37","author":"Pypendop","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.4.461","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"72","author":"Catbagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.12.1548","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in cats after intramuscular and buccal transmucosal administration","volume":"69","author":"Wells","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.10.969","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs","volume":"80","author":"Dent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.4.413","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of detomidine following intravenous or oral-transmucosal administration and sedative effects of the oral-transmucosal treatment in dogs","volume":"77","author":"Messenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Abbo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"759","article-title":"Buccal absorption of fentanyl is pH-dependent in dogs","volume":"82","author":"Streisand","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12771","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of a dexmedetomidine\u2013methadone combination in dogs undergoing routine anaesthesia after buccal or intramuscular administration","volume":"42","author":"Gioeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00233.x","article-title":"Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: A review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Murrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)13391-2","article-title":"The d-and l-isomers of methadone bind to the non-competitive site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in rat forebrain and spinal cord","volume":"223","author":"Gorman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibiting activity of centrally acting analgesics: Structural determinants and role in antinociception","volume":"274","author":"Codd","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.3.267","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with commonly administered opioids on clinical variables in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Nishimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00412.x","article-title":"Effects of methadone, alone or in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, on sedation and physiologic values in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Monteiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12256","article-title":"The sedative effects of intramuscular low-dose medetomidine in combination with butorphanol or methadone in dogs","volume":"42","author":"Puighibet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12172","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine or tramadol in dogs","volume":"41","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00503.x","article-title":"Alfaxalone induction dose following administration of medetomidine and butorphanol in the dog","volume":"37","author":"Maddern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00786.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous pre-anaesthetic medication with acepromazine\u2013buprenorphine is effective as and less painful than the intramuscular route","volume":"50","author":"Gurney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.02.010","article-title":"Intramuscular alfaxalone and methadone with or without ketamine in healthy cats: Effects on sedation and echocardiographic measurements","volume":"47","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.018","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of the effects of a combination of acepromazine with morphine and midazolam on sedation, cardiovascular variables and the propofol dose requirements for induction of anesthesia in dogs","volume":"200","author":"Monteiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.08.009","article-title":"Sedative and cardiovascular effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine in healthy dogs","volume":"44","author":"Micieli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12183","article-title":"Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats","volume":"42","author":"Marjani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1073","article-title":"Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedicants in dogs undergoing propofol-isoflurane anesthesia","volume":"62","author":"Kuusela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.26.891","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of intramuscular and intravenous doses of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs and their reversal with atipamezole","volume":"160","author":"Granholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"581","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonistsDefining the role in clinical anesthesia","volume":"74","author":"Maze","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.2.212","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of hospital visit stress on physiologic variables in dogs","volume":"246","author":"Bragg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.11.002","article-title":"Effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of propofol preventing movement in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.01.015","article-title":"Comparison of sedation scores and propofol induction doses in dogs after intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, midazolam, or methadone plus midazolam","volume":"210","author":"Bustamante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2006.03.019","article-title":"Comparison of buccal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine premedication for arthroscopic knee surgery","volume":"18","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/11\/2057\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:30:23Z","timestamp":1760178623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/11\/2057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10112057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10112057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]}}}