{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:43:02Z","timestamp":1791996182362,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/19\/D\/NZ9\/03580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/19\/D\/NZ9\/03580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of xylanase (XYL), emulsifier (EMU), and a combination of both (XYL + EMU) in wheat diet with a high level of tallow on gastrointestinal tract microbiota activity, excretion of sialic acids, and selected gut segments morphology of 480 one-day-old male ROSS 308 broiler chickens. The activities of bacterial enzymes in the ileal digesta were lower in experimental groups compared to the control (CON) group. Enzyme activity in the cecum was significantly higher than in the ileum. The additives did not affect the excretion of sialic acid. The number of duodenum goblet cells on the villi decreased in all of the experimental groups (p &lt; 0.05). The simultaneous use of XYL + EMU deepened the ileum crypts (p &lt; 0.05). The total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in the cecal digesta was higher in experimental groups. The abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli did not change among experimental groups. The relative abundance of Clostridium was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower in groups with emulsifier addition. In conclusion, the simultaneous usage of EMU and XYL in wheat-based diets with beef tallow reduces the ileum microbiota activity and enhances cecum microbiota activity. Presumably, the addition of both additives results in a cumulative effect on the gut microbiota activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T09:06:28Z","timestamp":1606208788000},"page":"2197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Emulsifier and Xylanase Can Modulate the Gut Microbiota Activity of Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2732-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Kubi\u015b","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142ynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-0223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Ko\u0142odziejski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142ynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Pruszy\u0144ska-Oszma\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142ynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Sassek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142ynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Konieczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4278-0493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"G\u00f3rka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5078-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Flaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Katarzy\u0144ska-Banasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1772-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Hejdysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142ynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Product Quality Assessment, University of Life Sciences, S\u0142oneczna 1, 62-002 Z\u0142otniki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Wi\u015bniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142ynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian A.","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142ynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.024","article-title":"Effects of broiler genetic strain and dietary amino acid reduction on growth performance and internal organ development","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. 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