{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:21:07Z","timestamp":1780590067140,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evaluating potential adverse health impacts caused by pesticides is an important parameter in human toxicity. This study focuses on the importance of subchronic toxicity assessment of cymoxanil fungicide in rats with special reference to target biochemical enzymes and histopathological changes in different tissues. In this regard, a 21-day toxicity study with repeated cymoxanil oral doses was conducted. It has been shown that low doses (0.5 mg\/kg) were less effective than medium (1 mg\/kg) and high (2 mg\/kg) doses. Moreover, high dose dose-treated rats showed piecemeal necrosis in the liver, interstitial nephritis and tubular degeneration in the kidneys, interstitial pneumonia and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia in the lungs, gliosis, spongiosis, and malacia in the brain, and testicular edema and degeneration in the testes. Cymoxanil significantly increased AST, ALT, and ALP in serum and liver, indicating tissue necrosis and possible leakage of these enzymes into the bloodstream. Creatinine levels increased, indicating renal damage. Similarly, significant inhibition was recorded in brain acetylcholinesterase, indicating that both synaptic transmission and nerve conduction were affected. Importantly, these histopathological and biochemical alterations were dose-dependent. Taken together, our study reported interesting biochemical and histopathological alterations in different rat tissues following repeated toxicity with oral doses of cymoxanil. Our study suggests future studies on different pesticides at different concentrations that would help urge governments to create more restrictive regulations concerning these compounds\u2019 levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T08:59:15Z","timestamp":1606294755000},"page":"2205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Biochemical and Histopathological Alterations in Different Tissues of Rats Due to Repeated Oral Dose Toxicity of Cymoxanil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Massoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelshiekh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9709-0337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aly S.","family":"Derbalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelshiekh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4116-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Al-Brakati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsin A.","family":"Al-Abdawani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat 117, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatim A.","family":"Eltahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat 117, Oman"},{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat, Khartoum 8067, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokuma","family":"Yanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Wildlife and Forensic Pathology\/Biomedical Science Examination and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-3678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leon, s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5332","article-title":"Do farmers misuse pesticides in crop production in China? 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