{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:14:35Z","timestamp":1788956075586,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The broad traits of boldness and independence in domestic horses can affect their usefulness and, indirectly, their welfare. The objective of the current study was to explore associations between attributes that reflect equine boldness and independence with both the age of horses and the age at which they were started under saddle, as well as other variables including breed, colour and primary equestrian discipline. All data were sourced from responses (n = 1940) to the 97-question online Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ). Twenty E-BARQ items from the dataset were selected to reflect boldness and independence and were tested for univariate significance at p &lt; 0.2. Multivariable modelling of the effect of age on remaining traits was assessed by an ordinal logistic regression, using a cumulative log odds model. This revealed that older horses were bolder (p = 0.012). However, horses started under saddle at an older age were less bold and less independent (p = 0.040 and p = 0.010, respectively). Australian Stock Horses were bolder and more independent (p = 0.014 and p = 0.007, respectively) than crossbreed horses. Horses used for breeding conformation (p = 0.039), working equitation (p = 0.045), eventing (p = 0.044) and traditional working horses (p = 0.034) were bolder than those used for other disciplines. Dressage (p = 0.039) and therapy (p = 0.040) horses were less bold than horses used for other disciplines. Stallions were bolder (p = \u22120.034) than geldings. Brown (p = 0.049) and chestnut (p = 0.027) horses were less bold than bay horses. Compared to crossbreed horses, Thoroughbreds (p = 0.000) and companion horses (p = 0.017) were less bold whilst heavy horses (p = 0.029) and ponies (p = 0.044) were bolder. Compared to pleasure horses, mounted games horses (p = 0.033) were less independent whereas working equitation horses (p = 0.020) were more independent. Riders with more than eight years\u2019 experience reported more independence in their horses (p = 0.015) than those who had ridden their whole lives. The study findings suggest that boldness and independence are separate traits and only boldness was associated with the age of the horse. Factors that relate to desirable boldness and independence are important in ridden horses because they can affect rider safety. Results from this study should improve horse\u2013rider matching and thereby potentially enhance horse welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T21:37:42Z","timestamp":1607377062000},"page":"2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Age-Related Changes in the Behaviour of Domestic Horses as Reported by Owners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Burattini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Fenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Anzulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Romness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7220-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"McGreevy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.11.019","article-title":"Recreational horse welfare: The relationships between recreational horse owner attributes and recreational horse welfare","volume":"165","author":"Hemsworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aune, A., Fenner, K., Wilson, B., Cameron, E., McLean, A., and McGreevy, P. (2020). Reported Behavioural Differences between Geldings and Mares Challenge Sex-Driven Stereotypes in Ridden Equine Behaviour. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030414"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2006.06.009","article-title":"Equine learning behaviour","volume":"76","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.12.004","article-title":"Do vendors value safety in Thoroughbred horses in the Australian recreational riding horse market?","volume":"10","author":"McGreevy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.07.001","article-title":"Do vendors value safety in the Australian recreational (non-thoroughbred) riding horse market?","volume":"9","author":"Oddie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.04.003","article-title":"Is safety valued in the Australian pony market?","volume":"6","author":"Hawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05152.x","article-title":"The development of equestrianism from the baroque period to the present day and its consequences for the welfare of horses","volume":"31","author":"Bouissou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Waran, N., McGreevy, P., and Casey, R.A. (2007). Training Methods and Horse Welfare, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.03.006","article-title":"Co-variations between perceived personality traits and quality of the interaction between female riders and horses","volume":"139","author":"Wolframm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.04.015","article-title":"A review of the human\u2013horse relationship","volume":"109","author":"Hausberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00120-X","article-title":"Shyness\u2013boldness predicts performance in working dogs","volume":"79","author":"Svartberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.10.018","article-title":"Equine Personality: Association With Breed, Use, and Husbandry Factors","volume":"72","author":"Sackman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.01.005","article-title":"Development of personality tests to use in the field, stable over time and across situations, and linked to horses\u2019 show jumping performance","volume":"176","author":"Lansade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2013.05.006","article-title":"Importance of personality traits in horses to breeders and riders","volume":"8","author":"Graf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.02.010","article-title":"Horses\u2019 learning performances are under the influence of several temperamental dimensions","volume":"125","author":"Lansade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lansade, L., Coutureau, E., Marchand, A., Baranger, G., Valenchon, M., and Calandreau, L. (2013). Dimensions of Temperament Modulate Cue-Controlled Behavior: A Study on Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer in Horses (Equus caballus). PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064853"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0216","article-title":"Linking behavioural syndromes and cognition: A behavioural ecology perspective","volume":"367","author":"Sih","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.05.003","article-title":"Does learning performance in horses relate to fearfulness, baseline stress hormone, and social rank?","volume":"140","author":"Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.09.026","article-title":"Stress and temperament affect working memory performance for disappearing food in horses, Equus caballus","volume":"86","author":"Valenchon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0648-5","article-title":"Characterization of long-term memory, resistance to extinction, and influence of temperament during two instrumental tasks in horses","volume":"16","author":"Valenchon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenchon, M., L\u00e9vy, F., Prunier, A., Moussu, C., Calandreau, L., and Lansade, L. (2013). Stress Modulates Instrumental Learning Performances in Horses (Equus caballus) in Interaction with Temperament. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062324"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.10.006","article-title":"Dimensions of horse personality based on owner and trainer supplied personality traits","volume":"113","author":"McGrogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.04.015","article-title":"Fear reactions in trained and untrained horses from dressage and show-jumping breeding lines","volume":"125","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, J.R., Meekan, M.G., McCormick, M.I., and Ferrari, M.C.O. (2013). A comparison of measures of boldness and their relationships to survival in young fish. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068900"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"McGreevy, P., Christensen, J.W., von Borstel, U.K., and McLean, A. (2018). Equitation Science, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12402","article-title":"Personality and Affinities Play a Key Role in the Organisation of Collective Movements in a Group of Domestic Horses","volume":"121","author":"Briard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2009.07.011","article-title":"Individual personality and the spatial distribution of groups of grazing animals: An example with sheep","volume":"82","author":"Sibbald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.03.015","article-title":"Temperament of the Norwegian horse breeds\u2014A questionnaire based study","volume":"193","author":"Olsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.11.006","article-title":"Assessment of equine temperament questionnaire by comparing factor structure between two separate surveys","volume":"92","author":"Momozawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.10.004","article-title":"Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dressage horses","volume":"10","author":"Jaworski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.003","article-title":"Reactivity to isolation and association with conspecifics: A temperament trait stable across time and situations","volume":"109","author":"Lansade","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(97)00784-5","article-title":"Experimental tests to assess emotionality in horses","volume":"40","author":"Wolff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.04.011","article-title":"A desired profile of horse personality\u2014A survey study of Polish equestrians based on a new approach to equine temperament and character","volume":"180","author":"Suwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"373","article-title":"Results of behavioural tests of horses are predictive of perceived safety in riders","volume":"33","author":"Gajewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1982.5551027x","article-title":"Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers","volume":"55","author":"Houpt","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.04.021","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of four methods of ranking horses based on reactivity","volume":"96","author":"McCall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/h0056570","article-title":"The responses of horses in a discrimination problem","volume":"23","author":"Gardner","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.026","article-title":"Maternal deprivation and the development of stereotypic behaviour","volume":"110","author":"Latham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"737","article-title":"Rasing orphan foals","volume":"54","author":"Pawlak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.01.008","article-title":"Human-mare relationships and behaviour of foals toward humans","volume":"93","author":"Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.01.006","article-title":"The effect of early handling of foals on their reaction to handling, humans and novelty, and the foal\u2013mare relationship","volume":"123","author":"Jago","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1981.5351204x","article-title":"Effects of Early Experience on the Learning Ability of Yearling Horses","volume":"53","author":"Heird","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00177-0","article-title":"Quantifying aspects of young horses\u2019 temperament: Consistency of behavioural variables","volume":"74","author":"Visser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.137.2.36","article-title":"The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in Dressage, Eventing and Endurance horses in relation to stabling","volume":"137","author":"McGreevy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, K., Dashper, K., Serpell, J., McLean, A., Wilkins, C., Klinck, M., Wilson, B., and McGreevy, P. (2020). The development of a novel questionnaire approach to the investigation of horse training, management, and behaviour. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10111960"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, K., Matlock, S., Williams, J., Wilson, B., McLean, A., Serpell, J., and McGreevy, P. (2020). Validation of the Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ): A new survey instrument for exploring and monitoring the domestic equine triad. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10111982"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, K., Dashper, K., Wilkins, C., Serpell, J., McLean, A., Wilson, B., and McGreevy, P. (2020). Building Bridges between Theory and Practice: How Citizen Science Can Bring Equine Researchers and Practitioners Together. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091644"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5040409","article-title":"How Farm Animals React and Perceive Stressful Situations Such as Handling, Restraint, and Transport","volume":"5","author":"Grandin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003197","article-title":"Effect of aging on behavioural and physiological responses to a stressful stimulus in horses (Equus caballus)","volume":"151","author":"Baragli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0696-x","article-title":"The effects of age, rank and neophobia on social learning in horses","volume":"17","author":"Krueger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.007","article-title":"Towards a more objective assessment of equine personality using behavioural and physiological observations from performance test training","volume":"135","author":"Pasing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, K., Hyde, M., Crean, A., and McGreevy, P. (2020). Identifying Sources of Potential Bias When Using Online Survey Data to Explore Horse Training, Management, and Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030140"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"ASHS (2020, October 22). Breed History. Available online: https:\/\/ashs.com.au\/horses\/the-australian-stock-horse\/breed-history\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.08.010","article-title":"Horse personality: Variation between breeds","volume":"112","author":"Lloyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2009.11.005","article-title":"Differences in temperament traits between crib-biting and control horses","volume":"122","author":"Nagy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1525\/si.2000.23.1.47","article-title":"The Partnership: The Horse-Rider Relationship in Eventing","volume":"23","author":"Wipper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Symb. Interact."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/est079","article-title":"The American Quarter Horse: Population Structure and Relationship to the Thoroughbred","volume":"105","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2007.11.006","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Injuries in Nonracing Quarter Horses","volume":"24","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Lundin, M.C. (2005). Fear Reactions in Riding Horses\u2014A Comparison between Dressage and Show Jumping Horses, Swedish Agricultural University."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.118.4.434","article-title":"Interplay Between Environmental and Genetic Factors in Temperament\/Personality Traits in Horses (Equus caballus)","volume":"118","author":"Hausberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.05.006","article-title":"Horses Working in Therapeutic Riding Programs: Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Glucose, and Behavior Stress Indicators","volume":"57","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(98)00237-8","article-title":"Behavioral assessment of horses in therapeutic riding programs","volume":"63","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.102186","article-title":"Genetic architecture of tameness in a rat model of animal domestication","volume":"182","author":"Albert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.04.005","article-title":"Icelandic horses with the Silver coat colour show altered behaviour in a fear reaction test","volume":"146","author":"Brunberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.11.004","article-title":"The relationship between coat colour phenotype and equine behaviour: A pilot study","volume":"174","author":"Finn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeitler-Feicht, M. (2003). Horse Behaviour Explained: Origins, Treatment and Prevention of Problems, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16494"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.08.004","article-title":"Practical considerations regarding the implementation of a temperament test into horse performance tests: Results of a large-scale test run","volume":"9","author":"Graf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03041.x","article-title":"Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the Thoroughbred horse","volume":"27","author":"McGreevy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776180241","article-title":"Factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours in young horses: Findings of a four year prospective epidemiological study","volume":"34","author":"Waters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00196-4","article-title":"Effects of individual versus group stabling on social behaviour in domestic stallions","volume":"75","author":"Christensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, K., Caspar, G., Hyde, M., Henshall, C., Dhand, N., Probyn-Rapsey, F., Dashper, K., McLean, A., and McGreevy, P. (2019). It\u2019s all about the sex, or is it? Humans, horses and temperament. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216699"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"23","article-title":"Perceived relevance of selected behavioural traits in horses\u2014A survey conducted in Sweden","volume":"65","author":"Visser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A\u2014Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2752\/175303711X13159027359827","article-title":"Looking for an Ideal Horse: Rider Preferences","volume":"24","author":"Chruszczewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.02.014","article-title":"Management practices associated with owner-reported stable-related and handling behaviour problems in UK leisure horses","volume":"155","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.24.1.029","article-title":"The day-to-day management of UK leisure horses and the prevalence of owner-reported stable-related and handling behaviour problems","volume":"24","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00567.x","article-title":"The use of equipment and training practices and the prevalence of owner-reported ridden behaviour problems in UK leisure horses","volume":"45","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.23.3.297","article-title":"Pre-feeding behaviour in UK leisure horses and associated feeding routine risk factors","volume":"23","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.08.008","article-title":"Unwanted oral investigative behaviour in horses: A note on the relationship between mugging behaviour, hand-feeding titbits and clicker training","volume":"127","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9233","article-title":"A Nordic survey of management practices and owners\u2019 attitudes towards keeping horses in groups","volume":"93","author":"Christensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gronqvist, G., Rogers, C., and Gee, E. (2016). The Management of Horses during Fireworks in New Zealand. Animals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6030020"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2006.08.007","article-title":"Perceived gender attribution, self-esteem, and general self-efficacy in female horseback riders","volume":"26","author":"Traeen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.10.007","article-title":"Diversity in horse enthusiasts with respect to horse welfare: An explorative study","volume":"7","author":"Visser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/12\/2321\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:41:57Z","timestamp":1760179317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/12\/2321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10122321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10122321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]}}}