{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:51:00Z","timestamp":1788371460498,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["31672405, 31972546, 31802052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31672405, 31972546, 31802052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>No overt pathological symptoms are observed in the goose liver with severe steatosis, suggesting that geese may host unique protective mechanisms. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses of liver and intestinal contents in overfed vs. normally fed geese (26 geese in each treatment) were investigated. We found that overfeeding significantly changed the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents. The differential metabolites mainly belong to fatty acids, amino acids, organic acids, and amines. The differential metabolites were involved in glycolysis\/gluconeogenesis, glycerolipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid degradation, the sphingolipid signaling pathway, and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, we determined the biological effects of arachidonic acid (ARA) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (TD) in goose primary hepatocytes and intestinal cells. Data showed that the mRNA expression of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) in goose primary intestinal cells was significantly induced by 0.50 mM ARA treatment. Cytochrome P-450 27A1 (CYP27A1) mRNA expression was significantly inhibited in goose primary hepatocytes by 1 \u00b5M TD treatment. In conclusion, the formation of goose fatty liver is accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents, and the changes are closely related to the metabolisms of glucose and fatty acids, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1607902776000},"page":"2375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["GC-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomics Analyses of Liver and Intestinal Contents in the Overfed vs. Normally-Fed Geese"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Minmeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuoyu","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daoqing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001","article-title":"Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis","volume":"52","author":"Tilg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.042","article-title":"Nocturnal hypoxia in obese-related obstructive sleep apnea as a putative trigger of oxidative stress in pediatric NAFLD progression","volume":"65","author":"Parola","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2454","article-title":"Concise review: Current status and future directions on research related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"35","author":"Wruck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2012.02.007","article-title":"Gut\u2013liver axis: The impact of gut microbiota on non alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Compare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328348c06d","article-title":"Gut microbiota interactions with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: Did gut microbiote co-evolve with insulin resistance?","volume":"14","author":"Esteve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303816","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"62","author":"Roy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(94)90143-0","article-title":"Influence of orotic acid and estrogen on hepatic lipid storage and secretion in the goose susceptible to liver steatosis","volume":"1211","author":"Hermier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2016.01.006","article-title":"Identification of protective components that prevent the exacerbation of goose fatty liver: Characterization, expression and regulation of adiponectin receptors","volume":"194\u2013195","author":"Geng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.07.134","article-title":"The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in the occurrence of goose fatty liver","volume":"465","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31763","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31763","article-title":"Prosteatotic and protective components in a unique model of fatty liver: Gut microbiota and suppressed complement system","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez395","article-title":"Fatty acids modulate the expression of pyruvate kinase and arachidonate-lipoxygenase through PPAR\u03b3\/CYP2C45 pathway: A link to goose fatty liver","volume":"98","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.03.003","article-title":"Nrf2 is crucial for the down-regulation of Cyp7a1 induced by arachidonic acid in Hepg2 cells","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.12.020","article-title":"GC\u2013TOF\/MS-based metabolomics studies on the effect of protein sources in formulated diet for pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii","volume":"486","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.401","article-title":"Physiological responses to cold stress in the gills of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) revealed by conventional biochemical assays and GC-TOF-MS metabolomics","volume":"640\u2013641","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.04.005","article-title":"Role of ceramides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Pagadala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2018.05.002","article-title":"Sphingolipids at the crossroads of NAFLD and senescence","volume":"140","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Zhao, M.M., Liu, L., Gong, D.Q., and Geng, T.Y. The research on the expression of hexokinase-1 in the development of goose fatty liver and the regulation of its function, in preparation."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2008.05.008","article-title":"Taurine supplementation modulates glucose homeostasis and islet function","volume":"20","author":"Carneiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2140923","article-title":"The role of conjugation reactions in enhancing biliary secretion of bile acids","volume":"214","author":"Vessey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.11.022","article-title":"Taurocholate supplementation attenuates the changes in growth performance, feed utilization, lipid digestion, liver abnormality and sterol metabolism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) fed high level of plant protein","volume":"468","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.07.006","article-title":"Ceramides-lipotoxic inducers of metabolic disorders","volume":"26","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.03.005","article-title":"Sphingolipids and lipoproteins in health and metabolic disorders","volume":"28","author":"Iqbal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100155","article-title":"Regulation of energy metabolism by inflammation: A feedback response in obesity and calorie restriction","volume":"2","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.29599","article-title":"Obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and adipocytokines network in promotion of cancer","volume":"15","author":"Divella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.149","article-title":"From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Wree","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.05.078","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Insights from sphingolipidomics","volume":"504","author":"Montefusco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.09.009","article-title":"Nutritional assessment and hepatic fatty acid composition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD): A cross-sectional study","volume":"48","author":"Allard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803341520","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and molecular changes in liver fibrosis: A review","volume":"19","author":"Uribe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sztolsztener, K., Chabowski, A., Harasim-Symbor, E., Bielawiec, P., and Konstantynowicz-Nowicka, K. (2020). Arachidonic acid as an early indicator of inflammation during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081133"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6735","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i40.6735","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis: The link between hypercortisolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Tarantino","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.185157.114","article-title":"ChIP-exo signal associated with DNA-binding motifs provides insight into the genomic binding of the glucocorticoid receptor and cooperating transcription factors","volume":"25","author":"Starick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.188581.114","article-title":"Genomic redistribution of GR monomers and dimers mediates transcriptional response to exogenous glucocorticoid in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00525.x","article-title":"Abnormal regulation of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and receptor protein distribution in the obese zucker rat","volume":"4","author":"Jenson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24509","article-title":"Impairment of hepatic growth hormone and glucocorticoid receptor signaling causes steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice","volume":"54","author":"Mueller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00066.x","article-title":"Compared effect of immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporine A and rapamycin on cholesterol homeostasis key enzymes CYP27A1 and HMG-CoA reductase","volume":"100","author":"Gueguen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/12\/2375\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:43:45Z","timestamp":1760179425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/10\/12\/2375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani10122375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10122375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]}}}