{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:45:59Z","timestamp":1792734359827,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyzed signs occurring among domestic and wild terrestrial animal species infected with raccoon rabies variant virus (RRV) in Massachusetts, 1992\u20132010. The clinical sign of aggression was significantly associated with rabid stray cats (odds ratio, OR = 2.3) and RRV affected major wild terrestrial animal species individually, which included raccoons (OR = 2.8), skunks (OR = 8.0), gray foxes (OR = 21.3), red foxes (OR = 10.4), woodchucks (OR = 4.7) and coyotes (OR = 27.6). While aggression is a useful predictor of rabies among wild animals, combinations of other signs such as ataxia, disorientation, and salivation are useful predictors of rabies among domestic animals. Pets reported with multiple clinical signs had significantly higher rabies positive testing result than those reported with single clinical sign (p &lt; 0.001). The result suggested the importance of avoiding aggressive terrestrial wild animals and giving additional attention to pets with multiple clinical signs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani1040396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T11:18:42Z","timestamp":1321615122000},"page":"396-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Signs Observed Among Animal Species Infected with Raccoon Rabies Variant Virus, Massachusetts, USA, 1992\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Xingtai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Laboratory Science, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South Street, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara G.","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Laboratory Science, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South Street, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Smole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Laboratory Science, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South Street, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasil","family":"Pani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Laboratory Science, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South Street, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda L.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Laboratory Science, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 305 South Street, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.2.375","article-title":"Animal Rabies in Massachusetts","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/pdf\/RabiesDFASPv2.pdf\/ (accessed on 20 September 2011)."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"133","article-title":"Rabies in South Asia: Epidemiological Investigations and Clinical Perspective","volume":"131","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(2007)18[41:HNAROC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Human North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis) Attack","volume":"18","author":"Potter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wilder. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.589","article-title":"Behavior, Movements, and Demographics of Rabid Raccoons in Ontario Canda: Management Implications","volume":"42","author":"Rosatte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090731","article-title":"Aggression and Rabid Coyotes, Massachusetts, USA","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0188","article-title":"Submitter and Technician Observations, and Animal Rabies Detection in Massachusetts, 1992\u20132006","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoon. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0002","article-title":"Factors Associated with Rabid Animals since the Introduction of Raccoon Variant in Massachusetts, 1992\u20132007","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoon. Dis."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/1\/4\/396\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:58:04Z","timestamp":1760219884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/1\/4\/396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani1040396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani1040396","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]}}}