{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:06:09Z","timestamp":1771571169287,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research has shown that digestion of A1 \u03b2-casein (\u03b2-CN) affects gastrointestinal motility and opioid activity through the release of the peptide \u03b2-casomorphin-7 (\u03b2-CM7). In the case of the A2 variant, the cleavage of \u03b2-CM7 does not occur or occurs at a very low rate. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the effects of milk containing either homozygote A1 or A2 \u03b2-CN on health and growth parameters of dairy calves. Forty-seven neonatal calves (24 females, 23 males) of the breeds German Holstein (GH, n = 9), German Simmental (GS, n = 33) and their crossing (GH \u00d7 GS, n = 5) were used in a 21-day feeding study. Fecal score (FS), respiratory frequency (RF), and rectal body temperature (BT) were recorded daily, whereas body weight was measured at birth and at day 21 to estimate the average daily weight gain (ADG). Additionally, blood was collected from calves three times during the experimental period and, for the first time, the respective plasma samples were analyzed for intact \u03b2-CM7. Consumption of A2-milk led to a lower daily milk intake (dMI) (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, fecal consistency was softer for calves fed A2-milk (p &lt; 0.05). Although 44% of A2-calves had diarrhea or revealed a tendency towards it (FS \u2265 3), A1-calves had a prevalence of 21%. Calves with a FS of 4 were offered an electrolyte solution and received a dietary food supplement for the stabilization of the fluid and electrolyte balance. Nevertheless, similar ADG and end weights (EW) of calves fed A1- or A2-milk (p &gt; 0.05) indicate that A2-milk may compensate higher diarrhea rates and lower dMI due to the associated higher protein content. This is the first report of intact \u03b2-CM7 in plasma of calves fed milk of either A1 or A2 \u03b2-CN. Evidence from this study suggests that due to the change in the amino-acid sequence, A2-milk might be able to prevent or, at least, to minimize the cleavage of \u03b2-CM7 in calves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T09:35:23Z","timestamp":1609320923000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative Effects of Milk Containing A1 versus A2 \u03b2-Casein on Health, Growth and \u03b2-Casomorphin-7 Level in Plasma of Neonatal Dairy Calves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lisa G.","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gie\u00dfen, Ludwigstr. 21b, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gie\u00dfen, Ludwigstr. 21b, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9407-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Center Oberschleissheim, Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, St. Hubertus Str. 12, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella J.","family":"Giambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gie\u00dfen, Ludwigstr. 21b, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gie\u00dfen, Ludwigstr. 21b, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7075-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin M.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Center Oberschleissheim, Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, St. Hubertus Str. 12, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.10.002","article-title":"Newborn Dairy Calf Management","volume":"24","author":"Mee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. 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