{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:03:35Z","timestamp":1777665815673,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"by KNOW (Leading National Research Centre) Scientific Consortium &quot;Healthy Animal \u2013 Safe Food&quot; decision of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["No. 05-1\/KNOW2\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 05-1\/KNOW2\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After parturition, the uterus undergoes significant reconstruction, allows the endometrium to create an environment for subsequent embryo development. Here, we used an unsupervised algorithmic approach to select characteristic endometrial mRNA expression patterns of proposed markers and investigate each marker\u2019s role as an individual indicator of reproductive success. Clinically healthy cows at a sixth week postpartum were examined, the percentage of neutrophils (PMNs%) in the cytological smear was calculated, and an endometrial biopsy was taken for qPCR. Based on pregnancy examination, cows were divided into three groups: Pregnant before 100 days postpartum (P100, n = 11), pregnant between 100\u2013200-day (P200, n = 14), and culled (C, n = 10). Animals were also classified based on two PMNs% thresholds &gt; 5% PMNs and &gt; 10% PMNs. The expression of IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, and IL17A was higher in &gt;10%PMNs. The expression of PTGS1 was higher in the P200 compared to P100. Upregulation of inhibin A subunit (INHA) and downregulation of inhibin \u03b2 A subunit (INHBA) were observed in the P100. INHBA\/INHA ratio was the most accurate linear predictor of the calving-to-conception interval. The application of the k-means algorithm allowed the identification of five unique expression patterns. The sensitivity and specificity of predicting allocation to P100 were 81% and 79%. We also documented the low efficiency of genes associated with subclinical endometritis and PMNs% in determining reproductive capability. These results suggested the presence of distinctive expression patterns in 6 weeks postpartum, correlated with cows\u2019 reproductive capacity. Furthermore, we proposed the INHBA\/INHA ratio as an indicator of calving-to-conception interval length.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T11:39:55Z","timestamp":1611056395000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prediction of Calving to Conception Interval Length Using Algorithmic Analysis of Endometrial mRNA Expression in Bovine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2925-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Tobolski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"\u0141ukasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bac\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz Jan","family":"Skar\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5376-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miel","family":"Hostens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animal Health, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Bara\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.08.021","article-title":"Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle","volume":"65","author":"Sheldon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115227","article-title":"Tolerance and Innate Immunity Shape the Development of Postpartum Uterine Disease and the Impact of Endometritis in Dairy Cattle","volume":"7","author":"Sheldon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. 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