{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:24:13Z","timestamp":1790065453393,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE+10NAT\/ES\/570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE+10NAT\/ES\/570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The restoration of Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) populations in Extremadura (Southwestern Spain) have been carried out since 2014. One of the measures to ensure the success of this program is to examine the effects that diseases may have on reintroduction. Since diseases may be greatly located at certain sites because of the specific ecological requirements of the pathogens and\/or vectors, reintroduced individuals may present a risk of infection once released. To determine which pathogens the reintroduced individuals may encounter, we performed a molecular and sero-epidemiological survey in reintroduced and wild-born lynxes. From 2015 to 2019, 69 Iberian lynxes (40 reintroduced and 29 wild-born) were sampled and screened against 10 viral, bacterial and piroplasmid agents. In parallel, 195 sympatric carnivores from the families Canidae, Felidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae and Mustelidae were tested against current or past infections to six common canine\/feline viruses. In the Iberian lynx, low contact rates of active infection were obtained for the feline leukemia provirus (FeLV: 1.5%; 1\/67), feline parvovirus (FPV: 1.5%; 1\/67) and Cytauxzoon sp. (6.7%; 1\/15). We also confirmed the emergence of Aujeszky\u2019s disease (suid herpesvirus-1) in this population (SuHV-1: 11.8%; 2\/17). Evidence of previous exposure was detected for canine distemper virus (CDV: 5.8%; 3\/52), feline coronavirus (1.9%; 1\/52), FPV (7.7%; 1\/13) and feline calicivirus (FCV: 5.3%; 1\/19). From 25 recovered lynx carcasses, we could confirm infectious etiology involvement in the death of four individuals (SuHV-1 in two individuals, coinfection of Cytauxzoon spp. and Aeromonas veronii in one lynx and a Streptococcus canis myositis in another lynx). We confirmed the circulation of CDV, FPV, FeLV, FCV and the feline immunodeficiency virus within the sympatric carnivore community. Due to the low contact rate of infectious agents in such a small, endangered population, we recommend continuing a disease surveillance program to determine the prognostic factors of survival, understand the role that disease may play during the reintroduction and anticipate disease outbreaks that may pose a risk for the entire reintroduced population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T20:54:08Z","timestamp":1613768048000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Disease Surveillance during the Reintroduction of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) in Southwestern Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"N\u00e1jera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Asistencia T\u00e9cnica de la Direcci\u00f3n General del Medio Natural y Desarrollo Sostenible de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza del Cardenal Siliceo s\/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Grande-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPEX-Direcci\u00f3n General de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s\/n, 06800 M\u00e9rida, Spain"},{"name":"Organismo Aut\u00f3nomo Parques Nacionales, Zarza de Granadilla, 10710 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPEX-Direcci\u00f3n General de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s\/n, 06800 M\u00e9rida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasio","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPEX-Direcci\u00f3n General de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s\/n, 06800 M\u00e9rida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s\/n, 06800 M\u00e9rida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n CBD-H\u00e1bitat, C\/Gustavo Fern\u00e1ndez Balbuena 2, Entreplanta, Oficina A, 28002 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Corona-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de An\u00e1lisis y Diagn\u00f3stico de la Fauna Silvestre, Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andaluc\u00eda, Consejer\u00eda de Agricultura, Ganader\u00eda, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Avenida Lope de Vega 9, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Zorrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de An\u00e1lisis y Diagn\u00f3stico de la Fauna Silvestre, Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andaluc\u00eda, Consejer\u00eda de Agricultura, Ganader\u00eda, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Avenida Lope de Vega 9, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Revuelta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0797-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gil-Molino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Recepci\u00f3n y Diagnostico de Muestras Biol\u00f3gicas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Veterinario, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Universidad s\/n, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0607-6973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos-(CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"A new era for carnivore conservation","volume":"24","author":"Mech","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wildl Soc. 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