{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:52:07Z","timestamp":1760233927074,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National 13th Five-Year Plan Key R&amp;D Projects","award":["2018YFD0501005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0501005"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Province \u201c135\u201d Breeding Tackle Project","award":["2016NYZ0052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016NYZ0052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysozyme (LZM) supplementation on the vaginal microbiota, as well as the relationship between vaginal microbiota and the fecal microbiota of rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. A total of 60 Yorkshire \u00d7 Landrace sows (3\u20136 of parity) were arranged from day 85 of gestation to the end of lactation in a completely randomized design with three treatments (control diet, control diet + lysozyme 150 mg\/kg, control diet + lysozyme 300 mg\/kg). The results showed that sows fed with lysozyme increased serum interleukin-10 (IL-10, p &lt; 0.05) on day 7 of lactation. The vaginal microbiota varied at different taxonomic levels with LZM supplementation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The most representative changes included a decrease in Tenericutes, Streptococcus, Bacillus and increase in Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus (p &lt; 0.05). There were 777 OTUs existing in both, vaginal and fecal microbiota. The addition of LZM also decreased the abundance of Tenericutes (p &lt; 0.05) in the vagina and feces. The changes in the microbiota were correlated in some cases positively with the performance of the sow, for example, Bacillus in feces was positively correlated with the neonatal weight (p &lt; 0.05). These results indicate that the addition of lysozyme to the diet of sow during perinatal period promote the change of vaginal bacterial community after farrowing. The variations in vaginal microbiota are also associated with the changes in the fecal microbiology of the rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary supplementation with lysozyme in sows in late gestation stage until early lactation, is beneficial to establish vaginal microbiota that seems to promote maternal health and reproductive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T20:53:21Z","timestamp":1614200001000},"page":"593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Responses of Vaginal Microbiota to Dietary Supplementation with Lysozyme and its Relationship with Rectal Microbiota and Sow Performance from Late Gestation to Early Lactation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4415-8542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiankai","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zimei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianqiang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuo","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"De","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(07)60013-9","article-title":"Prebiotics in human milk: A review","volume":"38","author":"Coppa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/713610448","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of lysozyme in relation to foodborne vegetative bacteria","volume":"29","author":"Masschalck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3596","article-title":"Weaned pig responses to Escherichia coli K88 oral challenge when receiving a lysozyme supplement","volume":"90","author":"Nyachoti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-010-0015-5","article-title":"Lysozymes in the animal kingdom","volume":"35","author":"Callewaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2087","article-title":"Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity","volume":"16","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, C.A., Garas Klobas, L.C., Maga, E.A., and Murray, J.D. (2013). Consuming transgenic goats\u2019 milk containing the antimicrobial protein lysozyme helps resolve diarrhea in young pigs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058409"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9348","article-title":"Effects of dietary lysozyme levels on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immunity response and microbiota community of growing pigs","volume":"99","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food. Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.6.1214","article-title":"Rice expressing lactoferrin and lysozyme has antibiotic-like properties when fed to chicks","volume":"132","author":"Humphrey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450903447404","article-title":"Exogenous lysozyme influences Clostridium perfringens colonization and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12444","article-title":"Effects of dietary lysozyme levels on growth performance, intestinal morphology, non-specific immunity and mRNA expression in weanling piglets","volume":"87","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5782","article-title":"Lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology in nursery pigs","volume":"91","author":"Oliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.11.2199284","article-title":"Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL 6 and related molecules (IL 1 and TNF)","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8033","article-title":"Lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves performance in nursery pigs during an indirect immune challenge","volume":"92","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803133b","article-title":"Hen egg lysozyme attenuates inflammation and modulates local gene expression in a porcine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.008","article-title":"Homeostatic immunity and the microbiota","volume":"46","author":"Belkaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02242","article-title":"Microbial mechanistic insight into the role of inulin in improving maternal health in a pregnant sow model","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60131-1","article-title":"Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"4768","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with lysozyme during late gestation and lactation stage on the performance of sows and their offspring","volume":"96","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02840.x","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome: New information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques","volume":"118","author":"Lamont","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02884-07","article-title":"Diversity of human vaginal bacterial communities and associations with clinically defined bacterial vaginosis","volume":"74","author":"Oakley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.02.017","article-title":"Role of the microbiome in swine respiratory disease","volume":"209","author":"Niederwerder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00342-14","article-title":"Establishment of intestinal microbiota during early life: A longitudinal, explorative study of a large cohort of Danish infants","volume":"80","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad7121","article-title":"Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life","volume":"8","author":"Bokulich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00450-5","article-title":"Inclusion of purified dietary fiber during gestation improved the reproductive performance of sows","volume":"11","author":"Zhuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.08.030","article-title":"Characterization of vaginal microbiota of endometritis and healthy sows using high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kwawukume, A. (2017). The Gut and Vaginal Microbiome Profiles of Pregnant Sows and Their Contribution to Neonatal Piglet Gut Microbiome Development. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.86","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiome dysbiosis is associated with proteome changes related to alterations of the cervicovaginal mucosal barrier","volume":"9","author":"Borgdorff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2307\/1165312","article-title":"On the adaptive control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing with independent statistics","volume":"25","author":"Benjamini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Educ. Behav. Stat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01989","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome during perinatal period in sows and the link with gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01753-15","article-title":"Uterine microbiota progression from calving until establishment of metritis in dairy cows","volume":"81","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11623","article-title":"Dynamics of the microbiota found in the vaginas of dairy cows during the transition period: Associations with uterine diseases and reproductive outcome","volume":"100","author":"Bicalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1003.020592","article-title":"Bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis associated with Porphyromonas levii","volume":"10","author":"Elad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01011-14","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii administration changes gut microbiota and reduces hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, and fat mass in obese and type 2 diabetic db\/db mice","volume":"5","author":"Everard","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.02.015","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome","volume":"3","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, R., Ingerslev, H.C., Sturek, M., Alloosh, M., Cirera, S., Christoffersen, B.\u00d8., Moesgaard, S.G., Larsen, N., and Boye, M. (2013). Characterisation of gut microbiota in Ossabaw and G\u00f6ttingen minipigs as models of obesity and metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056612"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00226-8","article-title":"Role of lipoteichoic acid in infection and inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5034-2","article-title":"Innate defenses of the intestinal epithelial barrier","volume":"62","author":"Muller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1993.tb08043.x","article-title":"A study of the microbial flora of the anterior vagina of normal sows during different stages of the reproductive cycle","volume":"70","author":"Bara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9253","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09253","article-title":"Phytonutrient diet supplementation promotes beneficial Clostridia species and intestinal mucus secretion resulting in protection against enteric infection","volume":"5","author":"Wlodarska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596933","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.596933","article-title":"Comprehensive survey of the litter bacterial communities in commercial turkey farms","volume":"7","author":"Adhikari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser, M., Jacobson, M., Andersen, P.H., B\u00e6kbo, P., Cer\u00f3n, J.J., Dahl, J., Escribano, D., and Jacobsen, S. (2018). Inflammatory markers before and after farrowing in healthy sows and in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1382-7"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2005.00601.x","article-title":"Dietary probiotic supplementation and resulting effects on performance, health status, and microbial characteristics of primiparous sows","volume":"90","author":"Kramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.07.003","article-title":"Dysbiotic Proteobacteria expansion: A microbial signature of epithelial dysfunction","volume":"39","author":"Litvak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2014.00019","article-title":"Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of ewes and cows reveals a unique microbiota with low levels of Lactobacilli and near-neutral pH","volume":"1","author":"Swartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laguardia-Nascimento, M., Branco, K.M., Gasparini, M.R., Giannattasio-Ferraz, S., Leite, L.R., Araujo, F.M., Salim, A.C., Nicoli, J.R., de Oliveira, G.C., and Barbosa-Stancioli, E.F. (2015). Vaginal microbiome characterization of Nellore cattle using metagenomic analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143294"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115867","article-title":"Defense factors of vaginal lactobacilli","volume":"185","author":"Aroutcheva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.02.008","article-title":"Understanding vaginal microbiome complexity from an ecological perspective","volume":"160","author":"Hickey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.06.028","article-title":"Unraveling the association of fecal microbiota and oxidative stress with stillbirth rate of sows","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2004.00492.x","article-title":"Field evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis spores, on the health status and performance of sows and their litters","volume":"88","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7651","article-title":"Reproductive performance of sows was improved by administration of a sporing bacillary probiotic (Bacillus subtilis C-3102)","volume":"93","author":"Kritas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124234","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome","volume":"312","author":"Gill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17830-z","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota profiles in sows and neonatal piglets associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton, L.L., and Hamilton, W.A. (2007). Energy metabolism and phylogenetic diversity of sulphate-reducing bacteria. Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria Environmental and Engineered, Systems, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541490"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/361436a0","article-title":"Reduction of Fe(III) in sediments by sulphate-reducing bacteria","volume":"361","author":"Coleman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530000467","article-title":"Enzymatic reduction of chromate: Comparative studies using sulfate-reducing bacteria. Key role of polyheme cytochromes c and hydrogenases","volume":"55","author":"Michel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12405","article-title":"The energy-conserving electron transfer system used by Desulfovibrio alaskensis strain G20 during pyruvate fermentation involves reduction of endogenously formed fumarate and cytoplasmic and membrane-bound complexes, Hdr-Flox and Rnf","volume":"16","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/3\/593\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:27:52Z","timestamp":1760160472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/3\/593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11030593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11030593","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]}}}