{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:20:23Z","timestamp":1790166023224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc oxide (ZnO) at pharmacological doses is extensively employed in the pig industry as an effective tool to manage post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), a condition that causes huge economic losses because of its impact on the most pivotal phase of a piglet\u2019s production cycle. In a multifactorial way, ZnO exerts a variety of positive effects along the entire gastrointestinal tract by targeting intestinal architecture, digestive secretions, antioxidant systems, and immune cells. ZnO also has a moderate antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli F4 (K88), the main causative agent of PWD. However, the environmental impact of ZnO and new emerging threats are posing serious questions to the sustainability of its extensive utilization. To work towards a future free from pharmacological ZnO, novel nutritional approaches are necessary, and many strategies have been investigated. This review article provides a comprehensive framework for ZnO utilization and its broad mode of action. Moreover, all the risks related to pharmacological ZnO levels are presented; we focus on European institutions\u2019 decisions subsequently. The identification of a novel, complete solution against PWD should be accompanied by the adoption of holistic strategies, thereby combining good management practices to feeding approaches capable of mitigating Escherichia coli F4 (K88) infections and\/or lowering ZnO utilization. Promising results can be obtained by adjusting diet composition or employing organic acids, natural identical compounds, polyphenol-rich extracts, prebiotics, and probiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T20:43:32Z","timestamp":1614545012000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Towards Zero Zinc Oxide: Feeding Strategies to Manage Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5597-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bonetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Tugnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO), Italy"},{"name":"Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia (BO), Italy"},{"name":"Vetagro Inc., 116 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite #320, Chicago, IL 60604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, December 22). FAO\u2019s Animal Production and Health Division Meat & Meat Products. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/againfo\/themes\/en\/meat\/backgr_sources.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO, and OECD Meat (2020). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020\u20132028, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. 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