{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:03:16Z","timestamp":1787738596714,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated the influence of enzymatic supplementation on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of broilers. A total of 2160 1-day-old male chicks were used in a 3 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 factorial arrangement (three corn hybrids, two drying temperatures \u221280 and 110 \u00b0C, with or without the inclusion of an enzymatic blend (amylase, xylanase, and protease) (20 birds\/pen, n = 9). For all performance and digestibility parameters, we observed, in general, isolated effects of the corn hybrids and drying temperature. Birds that received the enzymatic blend in the diet showed better weight gain from 1 to 21 days (d) and better digestibility coefficients of nutrients at 42 d. Birds fed diets with corn dried at 80 \u00b0C showed a better feed conversion ratio from 1 to 42 d. At 21 d of age, enzymatic supplementation had positive effects on jejunum morphology. Enzyme supplementation increased the abundance of the phylum Tenericutes, class Bacilli and Mollicutes, reduced Clostridia, and increased the abundances of the families Lactobacillaceae, Anaeroplasmataceae, and O_RF39;F. In conclusion, the addition of amylase, xylanase, and protease led to a better nutrient digestibility, performance, and intestinal morphology. In addition, enzyme supplementation changed the diversity, composition, and predicted function of the cecal microbiota at d 21.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T20:43:32Z","timestamp":1614545012000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influence of Enzyme Supplementation in the Diets of Broiler Chickens Formulated with Different Corn Hybrids Dried at Various Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Franciele C. N.","family":"Giacobbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran\u00e1, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8839-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinthia","family":"Eyng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran\u00e1, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo V.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran\u00e1, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5379-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleison","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran\u00e1, 85960-000 Mal. C. Rondon, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levy V.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Nutritional Products, 04551-065 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Pilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan S.","family":"Suchodolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Bortoluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rostagno, H.S., Albino, L.F.T., Hanas, M.I., Donzele, J.L., Sakomura, N.K., Perazzo, F.G., Sairaiva, A., Abreu, M.L.T., Rodrigues, P.B., and Oliveira, R. (2017). Tabelas Brasileiras para aves e Su\u00ednos: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o de Alimentos e Exig\u00eancias Nutricionais, UFV. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2017.04.001","article-title":"Changes of starch composition by postflowering environmental conditions in kernels of maize hybrids with diferente edosperm hardness","volume":"86","author":"Cirilo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europ. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1477253","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo assessment of the effect of initial moisture content and drying temperature on the feeding value of maize grain","volume":"59","author":"Huart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.023","article-title":"Influence of drying and hydrothermal treatment of corn on the denaturation of salt-soluble proteins and color parameters","volume":"109","author":"Odjo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03739","article-title":"The effect of protease, amylase, and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal-based diets","volume":"93","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"190","article-title":"Variation in nutrient composition and structure of high-moisture maize dried at different temperatures","volume":"40","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afric. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0527089","article-title":"Influence of drying temperature, water content, and heating rate on gelatinisation of corn starches","volume":"54","author":"Altay","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03902","article-title":"Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets","volume":"93","author":"Knudsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.009045","article-title":"Strategic selection of exogenous enzymes for corn\/ soy-based poultry diets","volume":"47","author":"Cowieson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew297","article-title":"Effect of exogenous xylanase, amylase, and protease as single or combined activities on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broilers fed corn\/soy diet","volume":"96","author":"Amerah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.018","article-title":"Exogenous enzymes and their effects on intestinal microbiology","volume":"173","author":"Bedford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gut microbiota: The brain peacekeeper","volume":"345","author":"Mu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Rostagno, H.S., Albino, L.F.T., Donzele, J.L., Gomes, P.C., Oliveira, R.F., Lopes, D.C., Ferreira, A.S., Barreto, S.L.T., and Euclides, R.F. (2011). Tabelas Brasileiras para aves e Su\u00ednos: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o de Alimentos e Exig\u00eancias Nutricionais, UFV. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Silva, D.J., and Queiroz, A.C. (2002). An\u00e1lises de Alimentos (M\u00e9todos Qu\u00edmicos e Biol\u00f3gicos), UFV. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1039\/AN9941901497","article-title":"Determination of dietary fiber as non-starch polysaccharides with gas-liquid chromatographic, high performance liquid chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars","volume":"119","author":"Englyst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sakomura, N.K., and Rostagno, H.S. (2016). M\u00e9todos de Pesquisa em Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o de Monog\u00e1stricos, Funep. [2rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Luna, G.C. (1968). Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Mc Graw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00163","article-title":"Development morphology of the small intestine of African ostrich chicks","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s102380200018","article-title":"A review of the effects of environmental stress on embryonic development within intertidal gastropod egg masses","volume":"2","author":"Kisielinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Qian, P. (2009). Conservative fragments in bacterial 16S rRNA genes and primer design for 16S ribosomal DNA amplicons in metagenomic studies. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007401"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8","article-title":"Ultra high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms","volume":"6","author":"Caporaso","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"672295","article-title":"PICRUSt2: An improved and extensible approach for metagenome inference","volume":"1","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","article-title":"UniFrac: A new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities","volume":"71","author":"Lozupone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1977.442282x","article-title":"Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies","volume":"44","author":"Young","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2017). SAS User\u2019s Guide: Statistics, SAS Institute Inc.. [version 9.3 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1071\/AN13113","article-title":"Effect of maize endosperm hardness, drying temperature and microbial enzyme supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens","volume":"54","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00184","article-title":"The correlation of chemical and physical corn kernel traits with production performance in broiler chickens and laying hens","volume":"87","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-70542011000600024","article-title":"Metabolizable energy of corn hybrids for broiler chickens at different ages","volume":"35","author":"Kato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cienc. Agrotec."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00193","article-title":"Effects of type of cereal, heat processing of the cereal, and fiber inclusion in the diet on gizzard pH and nutrient utilization in broilers at different ages","volume":"88","author":"Lazaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"301","article-title":"Impact of drying and heat treatment on the feeding value of corn, a review","volume":"19","author":"Odjo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2003007","article-title":"Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on diets based on maize dried at different temperatures and supplemented with a microbial enzyme","volume":"43","author":"Iji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rep. Nut. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15276","article-title":"Feed non-starch polysaccharides for monogastric animals: Classification and function","volume":"55","author":"Choct","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/12.3.275","article-title":"Effects of enzyme combinations on apparent metabolizable energy of corn-soybean meal based diets in broilers","volume":"12","author":"Kocher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.002","article-title":"Supplemental effect of xylanase and mannanase on nutrient digestibility and gut health of nursery pigs studied using both in vivo and in vitro models","volume":"245","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2004.12.017","article-title":"Factors that affect the nutritional value of maize for broilers","volume":"119","author":"Cowieson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2013.02.001","article-title":"Comparative effects of dietary carbohydrases without or with protease on the ileal digestibility of energy and amino acids and AMEn in young broilers","volume":"181","author":"Romero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/81.3.400","article-title":"Effects of Age on Nutrient Digestibility in Chicks fed Different Diets","volume":"81","author":"Batal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.017","article-title":"Age and dietary xylanase supplementation affects ileal sugar residues and short chain fatty acid concentration in the ileum and caecum of broiler chickens","volume":"234","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.11314","article-title":"Effect of xylanase on performance and apparent metabolisable energy in starter broilers fed diets containing one maize variety harvested in different regions of China","volume":"25","author":"Lui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3715","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve non-ruminant animal production","volume":"89","author":"Adeola","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdova-Noboa, H.A., Oviedo-Rond\u00f3n, E.O., Ortiz, A., Matta, Y., Hoyos, S., Buitrago, G.D., Martinez, J.D., Yanquen, J., Pe\u00f1uela, L., and Sorbara, J.O.B. (2020). Corn drying temperature, particle size, and amylase supplementation influence growth performance, digestive tract development, and nutrient utilization of broilers. Poult. Sci., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.07.010"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114610","article-title":"Exogenous \u03b1-amylase supplementation reduces the variability of ileal digestible energy in broiler chickens fed complete diets with maize batches of variable protein solubility","volume":"268","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.14006","article-title":"Effects of xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and non-starch polysaccharide degradation in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed wheat-based diets","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660701812989","article-title":"Effect of exogenous enzymes in maize-based diets varying in nutrient density for young broilers: Growth performance and digestibility of energy, minerals and amino acids","volume":"49","author":"Cowieson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev333","article-title":"Impact of combined \u03b2-glucanase and xylanase enzymes on growth performance, nutrients utilization and gut microbiota in broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diets","volume":"95","author":"Munyaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.03.003","article-title":"An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers","volume":"187","author":"Huyghebaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niewold, T.A. (2015). The composition and role of the microbiota in chickens. Intestinal Health: Key to Maximise Growth Performance in Livestock, Wageningen Academic Publishers. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-792-9"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2906","article-title":"Effects of protease and phytase supplements on small intestinal microbiota and amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"Zuber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03542","article-title":"Influence of feeding coarse corn on performance, nutrient utilization, digestive tract measurements, carcass characteristics, and cecal microflora counts of broilers","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-015-0051-7","article-title":"Deciphering chicken gut microbial dynamics basedon hight-throughput 16 s rRNA metagenomics analyses","volume":"7","author":"Shaufi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev322","article-title":"Assessment of cecal microbiota, integron occurrence, fermentation responses, and Salmonella frequency in conventionally raised broilers fed a commercial yeast-based prebiotic compound","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1947-7","article-title":"High through put 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing analysis of the fecal microbiota of high FCR and low FCR broiler growers","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3847-5","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota associated with differential feed conversion efficiency in chickens","volume":"96","author":"Stanley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0079-4","article-title":"Xylo-oligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens","volume":"3","author":"Pourabedin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8448-5","article-title":"Effects of concentration of corn distillers dried grains with solubles and enzyme supplementation on cecal microbiota and performance in broiler chicken","volume":"101","author":"Abudabos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.49.4.419-455.1985","article-title":"Molecular biology and genetics of mycoplasmas (Mollicutes)","volume":"49","author":"Razin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948474","article-title":"Specific microbiota enhances intestinal IgA levels by inducing TGF-\u03b2 in T follicular helper cells of Peyer\u2019s patches in mice","volume":"50","author":"Beller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2003.09.007","article-title":"Carbohydrate fermentation in the avian ceca: A review","volume":"113","author":"Jozefiak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390701556817","article-title":"Indigenous bacteria and bacterial metabolic products in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens","volume":"61","author":"Rehman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11051.x","article-title":"Diversity and phylogenetic analysis of bacteria in the mucosa of chicken ceca and comparison with bacteria in the cecal lumen","volume":"208","author":"Gong","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00193.x","article-title":"16S rRNA gene-based analysis of mucosa-associated bacterial community and phylogeny in the chicken gastrointestinal tracts from crops to ceca","volume":"59","author":"Gong","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.01.030","article-title":"Identification of chicken intestinal microbiota correlated with the efficiency of energy extraction from feed","volume":"164","author":"Stanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.03.010","article-title":"Nutritional and metabolic consequences of feeding high-fiber diets to swine: A review","volume":"3","author":"Agyekuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"95","article-title":"Effect of Supplementation of Non-Starch Polysaccharide Cocktail Enzyme on Performance in Broiler","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAS"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81102488x","article-title":"Effect of carbohydrate source on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs","volume":"81","author":"Camp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13338","article-title":"Effects of dietary amylose\/amylopectin ration and amylase on growth performance, energy and starch digestibility, and digestive enzymes in broilers","volume":"104","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"5571","article-title":"Effects of different starch sources on glucose and fat metabolism in broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/3\/643\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:30:34Z","timestamp":1760160634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/3\/643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11030643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11030643","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]}}}