{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:48:25Z","timestamp":1792432105890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["716002-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["716002-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterococci are considered to be environmental mastitis-causing pathogens that can easily spread antimicrobial resistance or virulence genes via horizontal transfer. In this study, the molecular characteristics of enterococci from bulk tank milk were investigated to assess the importance of dairy herd management. A total of 338 enterococci (305 Enterococcus faecalis and 33 Enterococcus faecium) were isolated from 1584 batches of bulk tank milk samples from 396 farms affiliated with four dairy companies in Korea, and significant differences (40.6\u201379.7%) (p &lt; 0.05) in the prevalence of enterococci were observed in the samples from different companies. Enterococci showed the highest resistance to tetracycline (TET) (73.4%), followed by doxycycline (DOX) (49.7%) and erythromycin (ERY) (46.2%), while two enterococci isolates showed resistance to vancomycin (VAN). Among 146 tetracycline (TET) and ERY-resistant enterococci, each 50 (19.4%) enterococci carried combination-resistance and transposon gene types erm(B) + tet(M) + IntTn and erm(B) + tet(L) + tet(M) + IntTn, respectively. The virulence genes such as ace (99.0%), efaA (97.7%), cad1 (95.7%), and gelE (85.9%) were highly conserved in E. faecalis and significantly predominated over E. faecium (p &lt; 0.001). Our results indicate that pathogens from bulk tank milk can also become a reservoir for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors through cross-contamination processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1614681397000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Molecular Characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Bulk Tank Milk in Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sunghyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01307.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Mastitic Bovine Milk Samples in Korea","volume":"57","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0742-1","article-title":"Transfer of Tetracycline Resistance Genes with Aggregation Substance in Food-Borne Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"70","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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