{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:47:45Z","timestamp":1781246865133,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Relative macroglossia has been identified in brachycephalic compared to mesaticephalic dogs. This study assessed the tongue volume comparing three common brachycephalic breeds, including 30 French bulldogs, 30 pugs, and 15 English bulldogs. Computed tomography scans of intubated dogs with the hard palate suspended were examined for total tongue volume and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the tongue, oropharynx, soft palate, and nasopharyngeal airways at three levels: 1, caudal tip of the hard palate; 2, caudal tip of the hamulus; 3 cranial to the basihyoid bone. Tongue volume normalized to bodyweight, was significantly higher in English and French bulldogs than in pugs. Normalized to skull length, CSA of the tongue was smaller in pugs than in French and English bulldogs. At level 3, French bulldogs had larger oropharyngeal CSA than English bulldogs and pugs. Soft palate CSA was the largest in English bulldogs at level 3. At levels 1 and 2, soft palate and nasopharyngeal CSA was the smallest in pugs. At level 3, French bulldogs had higher total airway\/soft tissue ratios than pugs. The smaller tongue volume in pugs questions the accuracy of the term macroglossia in this breed and these findings should be considered if surgical correction is sought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T21:24:01Z","timestamp":1614720241000},"page":"662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Tongue and Upper Airway Dimensions: A Comparative Study between Three Popular Brachycephalic Breeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Johannes Sebastian","family":"Siedenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Dupr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Wykes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Probl. 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