{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:59:22Z","timestamp":1780358362717,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Institute of Animal  Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland and the National Research Institute of Animal Production in Balice","award":["statutory funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["statutory funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retained fetal membranes (RFM) is one of the most common post-partum diseases of a complex etiology. Moreover, its pathogenesis is still not elucidated. Detailed transcriptomic analysis of physiological and retained placenta may bring profound insight in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of the study was to compare the transcriptome of the retained and physiologically released placenta as well as biological pathways and processes in order to determine the possible pathogenesis of the disease. Samples of the endometrium and the allantochorion were taken within 2 h after parturition from control mares (n = 3) and mares with RFM (n = 3). RNA sequencing was performed with the use of all samples and mRNA expression of chosen genes was validated with Real Time PCR. Analysis of RNA-seq identified 487 differentially expressed genes in the allantochorion and 261 in the endometrium of control and RFM mares (p &lt; 0.0001). Within genes that may be important in the release of fetal membranes and were differentially expressed, our report pinpointed BGN, TIMP1, DRB, CD3E, C3, FCN3, CASP3, BCL2L1. Gene ontology analysis showed possible processes which were altered in RFM that are apoptosis, inflammatory-related processes, and extracellular matrix metabolism and might be involved in the pathogenesis of RFM. This is the first report on the transcriptome of RFM and physiologically released placenta in mares.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T20:33:57Z","timestamp":1614803637000},"page":"675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transcriptome Profiling of the Retained Fetal Membranes\u2014An Insight in the Possible Pathogenesis of the Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jaworska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8555-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ropka-Molik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pi\u00f3rkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1588-4198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szmato\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland"},{"name":"University Centre of Veterinary Medicine Krakow, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Kowalczyk-Zi\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Woc\u0142awek-Potocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Siemieniuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Station of the Institute of Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Popielno, 12-220 Ruciane-Nida, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.09.007","article-title":"A Review of implantation and early placentation in the mare","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.08.006","article-title":"A clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of retained fetal membranes with an emphasis placed on the critically ill mare","volume":"33","author":"Canisso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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