{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:53:16Z","timestamp":1760233996627,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Four dogs were presented with thoracic limb deformity. After clinical and radiographic examinations, a diagnosis of congenital malformations was performed for each of them. In one case, a deformity involving both the radial and ulnar side of the distal limb was observed. Based on clinical and radiological evaluations, a diagnosis of postaxial terminal longitudinal ulnar hemimelia was performed. The term ectrodactyly was used to refer different malformations characterized by skin and soft tissue separation of the distal forelimb observed in two dogs. Simple complete uncomplicated syndactyly of the right forelimb, and complex incomplete uncomplicated syndactyly of the left forelimb were diagnosed in the fourth case. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, ectrodactyly and simple complete uncomplicated syndactyly are very uncommon anomalies in companion animals and have been rarely documented. Moreover, postaxial terminal longitudinal ulnar hemimelia has still not been reported in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T22:13:10Z","timestamp":1615759990000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2224-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe Santi","family":"Rapisarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention, Provincial Health Authority of Catania, 95030 Gravina di Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4386-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Angileri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Practitioner, 91025 Marsala, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Morabito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma, 57\/a, 40069 Zola Predosa (BO), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cassata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Macr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Breur, G.J., Lust, G., and Todhunter, R.J. (2009). Genetics of canine hip dysplasia and other orthopaedic traits. The Genetics of the Dog, CABI Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1685","article-title":"Dysostoses of the canine and feline appendicular skeleton","volume":"225","author":"Towle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. 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