{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:36:59Z","timestamp":1793734619242,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Twinning is a multifactorial trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors that can negatively impact animal welfare and economic sustainability on commercial dairy operations. To date, using genetic selection as a tool for reducing twinning rates on commercial dairies has been proposed, but not yet implemented. In response to this market need, Zoetis (Kalamazoo, MI, USA) has developed a genomic prediction for twin pregnancies, and included it in a comprehensive multitrait selection index. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe a genetic evaluation for twinning in Holstein cattle, (2) demonstrate the efficacy of the predictions, (3) propose strategies to reduce twin pregnancies using this information. Data were retrieved from commercial dairies and provided directly by producers upon obtaining their permission. The twin pregnancies trait (TWIN) was defined as a pregnancy resulting in birth or abortion of twin calves, classified as a binary (0,1) event, and analysed using a threshold animal model. Predictions for a subset of cows were compared to their on-farm twin records. The heritability for twin pregnancies was 0.088, and genomic predicted transmitting abilities ((g)PTAs) ranged from \u22127.45\u201320.79. Genetic correlations between TWIN and other traits were low, meaning that improvement for TWIN will not negatively impact improvement for other traits. TWIN was effectively demonstrated to identify cows most and least likely to experience a twin pregnancy in a given lactation, regardless of reproductive protocol used. Effective inclusion of the prediction in a multitrait selection index offers producers a comprehensive tool to inform selection and management decisions. When combined with sound management practices, this presents a compelling opportunity for dairy producers to proactively reduce the incidence of twin pregnancies on commercial dairy operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T21:42:41Z","timestamp":1615930961000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Genomic Prediction for Twin Pregnancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shaileen P.","family":"McGovern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Genetics, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Outcomes Research, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda C.","family":"Fessenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Genetics, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianelys","family":"Gonzalez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Genetics, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5514-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"Vukasinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Genetics, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony K.","family":"McNeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Genetics, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando A.","family":"Di Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Genetics, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75659-0","article-title":"Risk Factors for Twinning in Dairy Cows","volume":"81","author":"Kinsel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90473-1","article-title":"Twinning in dairy cattle: A study of risk factors and effects","volume":"32","author":"Nielen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90428-G","article-title":"Frequency of twin births among Holstein-Friesian cows in a warm dry climate","volume":"36","author":"Ryan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(63)89157-2","article-title":"Analysis of Variation in Some Factors Affecting Multiple Ovulations in Holstein Cattle","volume":"46","author":"Labhsetwar","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00205-8","article-title":"Effect of milk production on the incidence of double ovulation in dairy cows","volume":"52","author":"Fricke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90489-5","article-title":"Case-referent study of cystic ovaries as a risk indicator for twin calvings in dairy cows","volume":"31","author":"Bendixen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6871867x","article-title":"Twinning in cattle: I. Foundation animals and genetic and environmental effects on twinning rate","volume":"68","author":"Gregory","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.7551213x","article-title":"Genetic and environmental parameters for ovulation rate, twinning rate, and weight traits in a cattle population selected for twinning","volume":"75","author":"Gregory","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.6983085x","article-title":"Productivity and profitability of twin births in beef cattle","volume":"69","author":"Wilton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.68124039x","article-title":"Embryo-transfer twinning and performance efficiency in beef production1","volume":"68","author":"Dickerson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2017.01.001","article-title":"The dilemma of twin pregnancies in dairy cattle. A review of practical prospects","volume":"197","author":"Cabrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31599-0","article-title":"Twinning in Dairy Cattle","volume":"17","author":"Fricke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1978.464950x","article-title":"Factors Affecting Twinning and Effects of Twinning in Holstein Dairy Cattle","volume":"46","author":"Cady","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(81)90058-3","article-title":"Factors affecting gestation length in dairy cattle","volume":"15","author":"Foote","year":"1981","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1975.405803x","article-title":"Twinning in Cattle","volume":"40","author":"Rutledge","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74653-X","article-title":"Twinning Rates for North American Holstein Sires","volume":"84","author":"Johanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"93","article-title":"Twin pregnancy diagnosis in Holstein cows: Discriminatory powers and accuracy of diagnosis by transrectal palpation and outcome of twin pregnancies","volume":"36","author":"Day","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. Veter J. La Rev. Veter-Can."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1079","article-title":"An Observational Analysis of Twin Births, Calf Stillbirth, Calf Sex Ratio, and Abortion in Iranian Holsteins","volume":"91","author":"Kohram","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.7461223x","article-title":"Effects of twinning on dystocia, calf survival, calf growth, carcass traits, and cow productivity","volume":"74","author":"Cundiff","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77148x","article-title":"Effects of twinning on postpartum reproductive performance in cattle selected for twin births","volume":"77","author":"Echternkamp","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77139x","article-title":"Effects of twinning on gestation length, retained placenta, and dystocia","volume":"77","author":"Echternkamp","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)79990-1","article-title":"Periparturient Traits in Seven High Dairy Herds. Incidence Rates, Association with Parity, and Interrelationships Among Traits","volume":"70","author":"Markusfeld","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.07.027","article-title":"Effects of twinning on the subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan of high-producing dairy cows","volume":"78","author":"Ganau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"300","article-title":"Non-Freemartin Rate in Holstein Heterosexual Twins. American Association of Bovine Practitioners","volume":"1","author":"Buoen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Annu. Conf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.09.008","article-title":"The freemartin syndrome: An update","volume":"87","author":"Padula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77848-5","article-title":"The Economics of Naturally Occurring Twinning in Dairy Cattle","volume":"75","author":"Beerepoot","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14400","article-title":"An economic evaluation of management strategies to mitigate the negative effect of twinning in dairy herds","volume":"101","author":"Fricke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"526","article-title":"An economic assessment of twin births in British dairy herds","volume":"129","author":"Eddy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Veter. Rec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13660","article-title":"Short communication: Heritability of twinning rate in Holstein cattle","volume":"101","author":"Lett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fricke, P.M. (2015, January 17\u201319). Double vision: Management of twinning in dairy cows; University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison: American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20153536"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Gatius, F. (2020). Twins in Dairy Herds. Is It Better to Maintain or Reduce a Pregnancy?. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112006"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.6983213x","article-title":"Ovulation rate and twinning rate in cattle: Heritabilities and genetic correlation","volume":"69","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2527\/animalsci2002.80E-Suppl_21b","article-title":"Reproductive, growth, feedlot, and carcass traits of twin vs single births in cattle","volume":"80","author":"Echternkamp","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/00015127409434208","article-title":"Genetic Aspects of Twinning in Dairy Cattle","volume":"24","author":"Syrstad","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-22-3-349","article-title":"Genetic analysis of twinning rate in Israeli Holstein cattle","volume":"22","author":"Ron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.78115x","article-title":"Twinning rate in Norwegian cattle: Frequency, (co)variance components, and genetic trends","volume":"78","author":"Karlsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1631","article-title":"Estimation of variance components and genetic trends for twinning rate in Holstein dairy cattle of Iran","volume":"92","author":"Kohram","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1974.tb01443.x","article-title":"Causes of variation in the frequency of monozygous and dizygous twinning in various breeds of cattle","volume":"78","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hered"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117000283","article-title":"Genetic parameters and genome-wide associations of twinning rate in a local breed, the Maremmana cattle","volume":"11","author":"Moioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.743522x","article-title":"Genetic trend and environmental effects in a population of cattle selected for twinning","volume":"74","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0915","article-title":"Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Twinning Rate in Israeli Holsteins by the Daughter Design","volume":"91","author":"Weller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-0959","article-title":"Confirmation of quantitative trait loci using a low-density single nucleotide polymorphism map for twinning and ovulation rate on bovine chromosome 51,2","volume":"87","author":"Allan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1252","article-title":"Refined mapping of twinning-rate quantitative trait loci on bovine chromosome 5 and analysis of insulin-like growth factor-1 as a positional candidate gene1","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2004.01138.x","article-title":"Evidence for quantitative trait loci affecting twinning rate in North American Holstein cattle","volume":"35","author":"Cruickshank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2005.01299.x","article-title":"Genome screen for twinning rate QTL in four North American Holstein families","volume":"36","author":"Cobanoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, B.W., and Morris, C.A. (2015). A Major Gene for Bovine Ovulation Rate. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129025"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2004.01162.x","article-title":"Identification of an ovulation rate QTL in cattle on BTA14 using selective DNA pooling and interval mapping","volume":"35","author":"Gonda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-2808","article-title":"Fine-mapping quantitative trait loci for twinning rate on Bos taurus chromosome 14 in North American Holsteins1","volume":"88","author":"Bierman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s003350010026","article-title":"Mapping quantitative trait loci for bovine ovulation rate","volume":"11","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.78123053x","article-title":"Initial results of genomic scans for ovulation rate in a cattle population selected for increased twinning rate","volume":"78","author":"Kappes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s003350010180","article-title":"A primary screen of the bovine genome for quantitative trait loci affecting twinning rate","volume":"11","author":"Lien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.69103959x","article-title":"Prediction of breeding values for twinning rate and ovulation rate with a multiple trait, repeated records animal model","volume":"69","author":"Gregory","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7543","article-title":"Genomic selection for producer-recorded health event data in US dairy cattle","volume":"97","author":"Gaddis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9115","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12323","article-title":"Validation of genomic predictions for wellness traits in US Holstein cows","volume":"100","author":"McNeel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13335","article-title":"Symposium review: Possibilities in an age of genomics: The future of selection indices","volume":"101","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fessenden, B., Weigel, D.J., Osterstock, J., Galligan, D.T., and Di Croce, F. (2020). Validation of genomic predictions for a lifetime merit selection index for the US dairy industry. J. Dairy Sci.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18502"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/28.6.476","article-title":"The Genetic Basis for Constructing Selection Indexes","volume":"28","author":"Hazel","year":"1943","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8146","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10747","article-title":"New breeding objectives and selection indices for the Australian dairy industry","volume":"99","author":"Byrne","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73447-5","article-title":"Invited Review: Selection on Net Merit to Improve Lifetime Profit","volume":"87","author":"VanRaden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72792-2","article-title":"Selection Indices in Holstein Cattle of Various Countries","volume":"88","author":"Miglior","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11520","article-title":"Development of genetic and genomic evaluation for wellness traits in US Holstein cows","volume":"100","author":"Vukasinovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"421","article-title":"FImpute-An efficient imputation algorithm for dairy cattle populations","volume":"94","author":"Sargolzaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77263-5","article-title":"Improving Accuracy of the United States Genetics Database with a New Editing System for Dairy Records","volume":"77","author":"Norman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16903","article-title":"Genomic evaluation for wellness traits in US Jersey cattle","volume":"103","author":"Vukasinovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Misztal, I., Tsuruta, S., Strabel, T., Auvray, B., and Druet, T. (2002, January 19\u201323). BLUPF90 and related programs (BGF90). Proceedings of the World Congress Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod., Montpellier, France."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Misztal, I., Tsuruta, S., Lourenco, D., Aguilar, I., Leggara, A., and Vitezica, Z. (2020, December 17). Manual for BLUPF90 Family of Programs. University of Georgia. Available online: http:\/\/nce.ads.uga.edu\/wiki\/doku.php?id=documentation."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2061","article-title":"A relationship matrix including full pedigree and genomic information","volume":"92","author":"Legarra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2730","article-title":"Hot topic: A unified approach to utilize phenotypic, full pedigree, and genomic information for genetic evaluation of Holstein final score","volume":"93","author":"Aguilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Lourenco, D. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"VanRaden, P.M., and Cole, J.B. (2020, December 17). Net Merit as a Measure of Lifetime Profit: 2014 Revision. USDA, Available online: Aipl.arsusda.gov\/reference\/nmcalc-2014.htm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4877","article-title":"Potential gains in lifetime net merit from genomic testing of cows, heifers, and calves on commercial dairy farms","volume":"95","author":"Weigel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73573-0","article-title":"Genetic Selection for Health Traits Using Producer-Recorded Data. I. Incidence Rates, Heritability Estimates, and Sire Breeding Values","volume":"87","author":"Zwald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrode, R. (2005). Linear Models for the Prediction of Animal Breeding Values, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851990002.0000"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4648","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2064","article-title":"Computing procedures for genetic evaluation including phenotypic, full pedigree, and genomic information","volume":"92","author":"Misztal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02739","article-title":"Experiences with a single-step genome evaluation1","volume":"92","author":"Misztal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13309","article-title":"Symposium review: Breeding a better cow\u2014Will she be adaptable?","volume":"101","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72958-1","article-title":"Relationship Between Level of Milk Production and Multiple Ovulations in Lactating Dairy Cows","volume":"88","author":"Caraviello","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15906","article-title":"Candidate genes associated with the heritable humoral response to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in dairy cows have factors in common with gastrointestinal diseases in humans","volume":"102","author":"McGovern","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/3\/843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1760161007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/3\/843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11030843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11030843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}