{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:37:15Z","timestamp":1787859435358,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South Africa National Research Foundation","award":["TTK170411226583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK170411226583"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by foodborne bacteria is a public health concern as these pathogens are easily transmitted to humans through the food chain. Non-typhoid Salmonella spp. is one of the leading foodborne pathogens which infect humans worldwide and is associated with food and livestock. Due to the lack of discovery of new antibiotics and the pressure exerted by antimicrobial resistance in the pharmaceutical industry, this review aimed to address the issue of antibiotic use in livestock which leads to AMR in Salmonella. Much attention was given to resistance to carbapenems and colistin which are the last-line antibiotics used in cases of multi drug resistant bacterial infections. In the present review, we highlighted data published on antimicrobial resistant Salmonella species and serovars associated with livestock and food chain animals. The importance of genomic characterization of carbapenem and colistin resistant Salmonella in determining the relationship between human clinical isolates and food animal isolates was also discussed in this review. Plasmids, transposons, and insertion sequence elements mediate dissemination of not only AMR genes but also genes for resistance to heavy metals and disinfectants, thus limiting the therapeutic options for treatment and control of Salmonella. Genes for resistance to colistin (mcr-1 to mcr-9) and carbapenem (blaVIM-1, blaDNM-1, and blaNDM-5) have been detected from poultry, pig, and human Salmonella isolates, indicating food animal-associated AMR which is a threat to human public health. Genotyping, plasmid characterization, and phylogenetic analysis is important in understanding the epidemiology of livestock-related Salmonella so that measures of preventing foodborne threats to humans can be improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T11:41:06Z","timestamp":1616067666000},"page":"872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Chain and Livestock-Associated Salmonella Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thobeka P.","family":"Mthembu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9741-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver T.","family":"Zishiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1056-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"El Zowalaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 751 23, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v43i3.6","article-title":"Sustainability of the South African Livestock Sector towards 2050 Part 2: Challenges, changes and required implementations","volume":"43","author":"Meissner","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. 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