{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:35:37Z","timestamp":1773020137441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathogenesis of steatitis that infrequently occurs in cold-stunned Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtles (KRT; Lepidochelys kempii) has been undetermined. The objectives of this study were to investigate the clinical (n = 23) and histologic findings (n = 11) in cold-stunned KRT, and to compare plasma concentrations of \u03b1-tocopherol (vitamin E), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the TBARS to vitamin E (T\/E) ratio (an assessment of oxidative stress) between cold-stunned KRT with clinically and\/or histologically confirmed steatitis (n = 10) and free-ranging KRT (n = 9). None of the cold-stunned turtles had clinically detectable steatitis at admission, and the median number of days to diagnosis of steatitis was 71 (range 33\u2013469). Histologic findings of affected adipose tissue included heterophilic (n = 9) and\/or histiocytic (n = 5) steatitis, fat necrosis (n = 7), myonecrosis (n = 2), and intralesional bacteria (n = 6). Cold-stunned KRT had significantly lower plasma vitamin E concentrations (median = 3.5 nmol\/g), lower plasma TBARS concentrations (median = 1.6 nmol\/g), and higher T\/E ratios (median = 0.50), than controls (62.3 nmol\/g; 2.1 nmol\/g; 0.03, respectively). These results suggest a multifactorial etiology for the development of steatitis in KRT during rehabilitation, including tissue injury, septicemia, and various factors resulting in imbalances of anti-\/oxidative status. By highlighting the need to provide more effective vitamin E supplementation, and the need to re-assess specific components of the diet, this study may lead to reduced incidence and improved medical management of steatitis in cold-stunned sea turtles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1616364037000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Steatitis in Cold-Stunned Kemp\u2019s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Innis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Stacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"},{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Salvatore","family":"Frasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA 98272, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-6936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Arendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC 29412, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Brisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA 01801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Sea 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